Basics of Medical Physics 1st Edition PDF

1. STRUCTURE OF MATTER . 9
1.1 Particles and force interactions 9
1.2 Energy 11
1.3 Quantum effects. 13
1.3.1 Quantum numbers .15
1.4 Hydrogen atom .18
1.4.1 Spectrum of the hydrogen atom 20
1.5 Electron structure of heavy atoms 20
1.6 Excitation and ionisation of atoms 22
1.6.1 Binding energy of electrons in an atom.23
1.7 Principle of mass spectroscopy. 24
1.8 Atomic nuclei 26
1.8.1 Binding energy of a nucleus.27
1.8.2 Magnetic properties of nuclei 28
1.9 Forces acting between atoms .29
1.9.1 Ionic bonds 29
1.9.2 Covalent bonds.30
1.10 Physical basis of nuclear magnetic resonance tomography.32
2. MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS 41
2.1 Molecular Bonds and Forces 41
2.2 Phases of matter.43
2.2.1 Gaseous phase. .44
2.2.2 Liquid phase .49
2.2.3 Solids 49
2.2.4 Plasma50
2.3 Change of phases 50
2.3.1 Phase diagram 50
2.3.2 Gibbs law of phases51
2.4 Classification of dispersion system .52
2.4.1 Analytical dispersions53
2.4.2 Colloidal dispersions.54
2.5 Water . 60
2.6 Transport phenomena 63
2.6.1 Basic laws of fluids63
2.6.2 Law of Laplace. 64
2.6.3 Viscosity ..66
2.6.4 The Hagen-Poiseuille law .68
2.6.5 Stokes law.69
2.6.6 Diffusion70
2.7 Colligative properties of solutions71
2.7.1 Raoult laws72
2.7.2 Osmotic pressure . 73
2.8 Phase border phenomena . . 75
2.8.1 Surface tension. 75
2.8.2 Adsorption . 76
3. THERMODYNAMICS . 77
3.1 Thermodynamic system77
3.2 Work and heat 79
3.4 Heat transport81
3.5 Functions of state. . 82
3.5.1 Internal energy83
3.5.2 Enthalpy 84
3.5.3 Entropy . 85
3.5.4 Free energy 87
3.5.5 Free enthalpy. 87
3.6 Chemical potential .88
3.7 Reaction heat . 88
3.8 Thermodynamics of biological system . 89
3.9 Transformation and accumulation of energy in biological system 91
3.10 Measurement of temperature. 92
3.10.1 Liquid thermometers . 92
3.10.2 Medical thermometer93
3.10.3 Calorimetric thermometer . 93
3.10.4 Thermocouple93
3.10.5 Electrical resistance thermometer. 93
3.10.6 Thermistor . 94
3.10.7 Thermography94
3.10.8 A bimetallic strip.. 94
3.11 Calorimetry 94
3.12 Thermal losses 95
3.13 The laws of thermodynamics96
4. BIOPHYSICS OF ELECTRIC PHENOMENA 98
4.1 Introduction98
4.1.1 Coulomb law and permittivity98
4.1.2 Electric potential, potentials of phase boundary-lines.100
4.1.3 Donnan equilibrium.103
4.2 Electric phenomena in alive organism 103
4.2.1 Resting membrane potential of nerve cell .104
4.2.2 Action potential of nerve fibre 106
4.2.3 Action potential in heart cell 110
4.2.4 Electrocardiogram (ECG)111
4.2.5 Heart’s electrical sequence and interpretation of electrocardiogram .113
4.2.6 Electroencephalograph (EEG) and Electromyograph (EMG) .115
4.3 Electric field, electric current and voltage 115
4.3.1 Conduction of electric current in organism.115
4.3.2 Effect of electric current on organism.118
4.3.3 Conductometry..120
4.4 Oscilloscope 122
5. ACOUSTICS AND PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF HEARING 123
5.1 Introduction 123
5.1.1 Basic quantities124
5.1.2 The Doppler effect127
5.1.3 Weber-Fechner’s law129
5.1.4 Complex tones.131
5.2 The principles of hearing133
5.3 Ultrasound 135
5.3.1 Piezoelectric effect.135
5.3.2 Ultrasound imaging .136
5.3.3 Effect of ultrasound on tissue .141
5.4 Shock waves..141
6. OPTICS143
6.1 Propagation of light. 143
6.2 Ray optics 145
6.3 Dispersion of light .149
6.4 Light scattering 149
6.4.1 Rayleigh scattering.150
6.4.2 Raman scattering.150
6.5 Absorption of light .151
6.6 Polarisation of light. 152
6.6.1 Polarimetry .154
6.7 Quantum optics 155
6.8 Wave optics .155
6.8.1 Interference of light .155
6.8.2 Diffraction of light.157
6.9 Lenses .158
6.9.1 Compound microscope 160
6.10 Laser162
6.11 Optics of the human eye .164
6.11.1 Eye defects .166
6.11.2 Biophysics of vision 167
7. X-RAY PHYSICS AND MEDICAL APPLICATION.169
7.1 General features of X-rays.169
7.1.1 Production of braking radiation (bremsstrahlung).170
7.1.2 Production of characteristic X-rays .172
7.1.3 The attenuation of X-radiation 172
7.1.4 X-ray contrast. 174
7.2 Use of X-rays for diagnostic purposes 177
7.2.1 X-ray imaging methods 179
7.2.2 Computed tomography 180
7.2.3 Risks of X-ray radiation.184
7.3 Therapeutic application of X-rays185
8. RADIOACTIVITY AND IONISING RADIATION 187
8.1 Natural and artificial radioactivity187
8.1.1 Basic law of radioactive decay 188
8.1.2 Radioactive equilibrium.190
8.1.3 Radioactive series192
8.1.4 Types of radioactive decay .193
8.2 Ionising radiation and its sources 196
8.2.1 Positively charged particles.196
8.2.2 Linear accelerators.196
8.2.3 Circular accelerators 197
8.2.4 Negatively charged particles – electrons 198
8.2.5 Neutrons.199
8.2.6 Radionuclide sources of neutrons 199
8.2.7 γ-radiation 199
8.2.8 Cosmic rays.200
8.3 Interaction of radiation with matter.200
8.3.1 Interaction of α-particles .201
8.3.2 Interaction of β-radiation .201
8.3.3 Interaction of γ-radiation .203
8.3.4 Neutron interactions 207
8.4 Detection of ionising radiation 208
8.4.1 Ionisation chambers 209
8.4.2 Geiger-Müller counter210
8.4.3 Scintillation counter 212
8.4.4 Semiconductor-based detector 213
8.4.5 Integral and selective detection of γ-radiation 214
8.5 Basic quantities in radiation dosimetry215
8.5.1 Personal dosimeters . 216
8.6 Use of nuclear medicine in therapy.217
8.7 Use of nuclear medicine in diagnostics217
8.7.1 Radionuclides.218
8.7.2 Scintigraphy (planar gamma radiography).218
8.7.3 Single photon emission computerised tomography .220
8.7.4 Positron emission tomography 221
Basics of Medical Physics 1st Edition PDF Ebook

Daniel Jirák
František Vítek