List of Contributors xxxix
Part I 1
1 Armaments in Urology 3
Shibs Datta
1.1 Principles of Urological Technology 4
1.2 Wound Healing in the Urinary Tract 19
1.3 Simulation in Urology 27
2 Principles of Medical Statistics 39
Julie Morris
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Descriptive Statistics 39
2.3 Confidence Intervals 41
2.4 Significance Tests 42
2.5 Relationships between Variables 44
2.6 Diagnostic Tests 45
2.7 Study Design 46
2.8 Number Needed to Treat 47
2.9 Systematic Reviews and Meta?Analysis 47
3 Embryology for the Urologist 49
Allan Johnston, Maike F. Eylert, Tarik Amer, and Omar M. Aboumarzouk
3.1 Historical Consideration 50
3.2 Introduction 50
3.3 Embryology of the Kidneys and Ureters 50
3.4 Embryology of the Bladder 57
3.5 Embryology of the Indifferent Genital System 60
3.6 Embryology of the Male Genital System 61
3.7 Embryology of the Prostate 67
3.8 Embryology of the Penis and Urethra 68
3.9 Neuter State 70
3.10 Embryology of the Female Genital System 70
3.11 Embryology of the Adrenal Gland 71
References
4 Principles of Urologic Oncology 75
Oliver W. Hakenberg
4.1 The Scope of Urologic Oncology 75
4.2 Carcinogenesis 75
4.3 Molecular Biology of Cancer Growth 79
4.4 Tumour? Promoting Inflammation 81
4.5 Reprogramming Energy Metabolism 81
4.6 Evading Immune Destruction 82
4.7 The Tumour Microenvironment 82
4.8 The Rate of Cancer Growth 82
4.9 Principles of Treatment 82
4.10 Oncologic Surgery 84
Part II 91
5 Kidney and Ureter Anatomy 93
Hiro Ishii, Omar M. Aboumarzouk, and Hendrik Van Poppel
5.1 Comparative Anatomy 94
5.2 Renal Fasciae 96
5.3 Macroscopic Appearances 96
5.4 Arterial Supply 96
5.5 Renal Veins 98
5.6 Common Vascular and Anatomic Variations 99
5.7 Lymphatics 99
5.8 Innervation of the Kidney 99
6 Kidney and Ureter Physiology 107
Motaz ElMahdy Hassan and Mohamed Ismail
6.1 Glomerular Filtration Rate 107
6.2 Renal Tubules 109
6.3 Hormonal Function of the Kidney 110
6.4 Special Disorders of Renal Tubules 111
6.5 Acid-Base Metabolism 111
6.6 Obstructive Uropathy 112
6.7 Ureteric Physiology 113
6.8 Whitaker Test 114
7 Renal Failure 117
Pramod Nagaraja and Farid Ghalli
7.1 Acute Kidney Injury 117
7.2 Chronic Kidney Disease 120
7.3 Dialysis 123
8 Renal Transplant 127
Oliver W. Hakenberg
8.1 The Patients and the Kidneys 128
8.2 Technique of Removal of Donor Kidneys 130
8.3 Immunology of Organ Transplantation 137
8.4 Graft Rejection 139
8.5 Immunosuppression 141
9 Kidney and Ureter: Congenital and Acquired Anomalies 145
Alberto Mantovani, Jane Hendry, and Pankaj Mishra
9.1 Introduction 145
9.2 Congenital Abnormalities of the Kidney 145
9.3 Congenital Abnormalities of the PUJ 153
10 Hydronephrosis 165
Maitrey Darrad, Ameet Gupta, and Nick Rukin
10.1 Definition 165
10.2 Incidence 165
10.3 Pathophysiology 166
10.4 Diagnostic Imaging 169
10.5 Complications of Hydronephrosis 171
10.6 Management (General Principles) 171
10.7 Perinatal Hydronephrosis 171
10.8 Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction 172
10.9 Retrocaval Ureter 181
10.10 Duplication Anomalies, Ectopic Ureter, and Ureteroceles 181
10.11 VUR 183
10.12 Megaureter 185
10.13 Ureteral Strictures 185
11 Kidney and Ureter Trauma 189
Sarfraz Ahmad and Omar M. Aboumarzouk
11.1 Kidney Injuries 189
11.2 Ureteral Injuries 200
12 Kidney and Ureter Inflammation 209
Ameet Gupta and Krishna Narahari
12.1 Medical Inflammatory Conditions of the Kidney 209
12.2 Acute Surgical Inflammatory Conditions of the Kidney 211
12.3 Chronic Surgical Inflammatory Conditions of the Kidney 218
12.4 Other Inflammatory Conditions of the Kidney 223
12.5 Inflammatory Conditions of the Ureters 228
13 Kidney and Ureter Neoplasm 237
Jane Hendry, Bhavan P. Rai, Alan S. McNeill, Ghulam Nabi, Jens-Uwe Stolzenburg, Khaver Qureshi, Nkem Umez?Eronini, Grenville Oades, and Omar M. Aboumarzouk
13.1 Kidney Neoplasms 238
13.2 Benign Renal Masses 258
13.3 Ureter and Renal Pelvis Neoplasms 261
14 Kidney and Ureter Calculi 277
Omar M. Aboumarzouk, Paul Cook, Olivier Traxer, Palle J.S. Osther, Luca Villa, Jonathan Cloutier, Helene Jung, Kim H. Andreassen, and Bhaskar K. Somani
14.1 Epidemiology 277
14.2 Pathophysiology 277
14.3 Formation of Calculi in the Kidney 278
14.4 Common Types of Urinary Stones 279
14.5 Clinical Features 281
14.6 Complications of Stones 281
14.7 Investigations 282
14.8 Investigations for Metabolic Stone Disease 288
14.9 Medical Management of Stones 289
14.10 Surgery for Stones 291
15 Kidney and Ureter Vascular Disorders 321
Abdullah Zreik and Omar M. Aboumarzouk
15.1 Congenital Anomalies of the Renal Vessels 321
15.2 Renal Artery Disorders 322
15.3 Disorders of the Renal Veins 328
16 The Adrenal Glands 331
Michael Stechman and David Scott Coombes
16.1 Principles of Endocrine Surgery 331
16.2 Anatomy 332
16.3 Physiology 333
16.4 Pathology 334
16.5 Pathology of the Adrenal Medulla 340
16.6 Congenital Disorders of the Adrenals 346
16.7 Trauma 346
16.8 Inflammation 346
Part III 349
17 Bladder and Urethra Structure and Function 351
Maike F. Eylert and Arjun K. Nambiar
17.1 Anatomy 351
17.2 Physiology 355
18 Bladder Congenital Anomalies 359
Katerina Prodromou and Pankaj Mishra
18.1 Embryology 359
18.2 Exstrophy? Epispadias Complex 359
18.3 Urachal Anomalies 368
18.4 Bladder Diverticula 370
18.5 Disorders of Development of the Sacrum 371
18.6 UTI in Children 371
19 Bladder Trauma 383
Abdullah Zreik, Ahmed Mahrous, and Omar M. Aboumarzouk
19.1 Bladder Injuries 383
20 Bladder Inflammation 391
Ameet Gupta, Anna Manwaring, and Krishna Narahari
20.1 Introduction and Definitions 391
20.2 Acute Cystitis or Lower UTI 392
20.3 Chronic Interstitial Cystitis and Bladder Pain Syndrome 400
20.4 Tuberculosis 400
20.5 Parasitic Infections 400
20.6 Amoebiasis 405
20.7 Worm Infestations 406
20.8 Catfish 406
21 Bladder Neoplasm 409
Kawa Omar, Nawal Shamim Khan, and Muhammad Shamim Khan
21.1 Bladder Neoplasm 410
21.2 Field Biopsies 417
21.3 Pathology 417
21.4 Malignant Tumours of the Bladder 417
21.5 Grading of Transitional Cell Carcinoma 422
21.6 Staging of Bladder Tumours 422
21.7 Risk Stratification after Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour 422
21.8 Treatment of Transitional Cell Carcinoma 422
21.9 Muscle? Invasive Bladder Cancer 427
21.10 Recurrence and Follow?up of MIBC 435
21.11 Management of Locally Advanced MIBC (T3b/T4) and Metastatic Disease (N1 or M1) 435
21.12 Bladder Cancer Variants 437
22 Urinary Diversion 447
Kawa Omar, Nawal Shamim Khan, Shahrokh F. Shariat, Johannes Alfred Witjes, and Muhammad Shamim Khan
22.1 Urinary Diversions 448
22.2 Bladder Urinary Diversion 449
22.3 Functional Follow?Up 461
22.4 Quality of Life Urinary Diversion after Cystectomy 461
23 Bladder Disorder of Function 465
Arjun K. Nambiar, Maike F. Eylert, Lisette A ‘t Hoen, and Bertil F.M. Blok
23.1 Introduction 465
23.2 Investigating Bladder Function 468
23.3 Disorders of Function 476
23.4 Urethral Disorders 489
24 Fistulae and Sinuses 499
Jenny Jones and Omar M. Aboumarzouk
24.1 Principles and Definitions 499
24.2 Pathophysiology 499
24.3 General Complications 500
24.4 Organ?Specific Fistulae 500
Part IV 509
25 Prostate Structure and Function 511
Adam Cox, Matthew Jefferies, and Raj Persad
25.1 Comparative Anatomy 511
25.2 Maturation of the Prostate 511
25.3 Anatomy of the Prostate 513
25.4 Prostate Physiology 517
26 Prostate Inflammation 523
Mark J. Salji, Truls E. Bjerklund Johansen, and Hing Y. Leung
26.1 Classification of Prostatitis 523
26.2 Investigations 525
26.3 Imaging 525
26.4 Serum Prostate Specific Antigen 526
26.5 Histology 526
26.6 Treatment Options 526
26.7 Upoint Phenotypic Classification of CP/CPPS 527
26.8 Surgical Options 527
26.9 Heat Therapies 527
26.10 Prostate Tuberculosis 528
26.11 Summary 528
27 Prostate Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 531
Daniel W. Good, Bashar Nahas, Simon Phipps, Rick Popert, Jens?Uwe Stolzenburg, and Stuart Alan S. McNeill
27.1 Nomenclature 532
27.2 Aetiology 532
27.3 Pathology of BPH 534
27.4 Complications of BPH 535
27.5 Epidemiology and Natural History of BPH 538
27.6 Investigations 539
27.7 Management 541
27.8 Surgical Management 547
28 Prostate Neoplasm 563
Mark J. Salji, Imran Ahmad, Sarah Slater, Fat?Wui Poon, Abdulla Alhasso, Nadja V. Melquiot, Holly Bekarma, Jane Hendry, and Hing Y. Leung
28.1 Epidemiology 563
28.2 Aetiology 564
28.3 Clinical Features 565
28.4 Prognosis 566
28.5 Investigations 566
28.6 Pathology, Histopathology, and Molecular Pathology 573
28.7 Management, Treatments, and Patient Selection 577
28.8 Androgen?Deprivation Therapy 587
28.9 Castration?Resistant Prostate Cancer 591
28.10 The Role of TURP for Voiding Symptoms Associated with PCa 593
28.11 Controversies, Cutting?Edge Developments, and Hot Topics 594
Part V 611
29 Penis and Urethra Structure and Penis 613
Ayman Younis and Christopher Harding
29.1 Anatomy and Physiology 613
29.2 The Penis 613
29.3 The Scrotum 617
29.4 The Urethra 617
29.5 Erection 619
29.6 Function of the Scrotum 622
30 Penis and Urethra and Prostate Congenital Anomalies 623
Anand Upasani, Divyesh Desai, Imran Mushtaq, and Pankaj Mishra
30.1 Foreskin 623
30.2 Hypospadias 628
30.3 Primary Epispadias 632
30.4 Posterior Urethral Valves 635
30.5 Prostatic Utricle 639
30.6 Syringocele 639
30.7 Anterior Urethral Valves 640
30.8 Urethral Duplication 641
30.9 Urethral Anomalies in Anorectal Malformations 642
30.10 Interesting Terminologies 645
31 Penis and Urethra Trauma 651
Ayman Younis and Trevor J. Dorkin
31.1 Penis and Scrotum 651
31.2 Urethral Trauma 653
32 Penis and Urethra Inflammation 663
Nick Watkin and Asheesh Kaul
32.1 Urethral Inflammation 663
32.2 Penile Inflammation 664
32.3 Other Urethro?Peno?Scrotal Pathologies 666
32.4 Stricture Disease of the Urethra 668
32.5 Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injury 676
33 Penis and Urethra Neoplasm 687
Tom Swallow and Duncan Summerton
33.1 Penile Neoplasm 687
33.2 Lymph Node Disease 695
33.3 Urethral Neoplasm 699
34 Penis and Urethra Disorders of Function 705
Sarfraz Ahmad and Nick Watkin
34.1 Erectile Dysfunction 705
34.2 Premature Ejaculation 712
34.3 Retrograde Ejaculation 715
34.4 Anejaculation 715
34.5 Priapism 716
34.6 Peyronie Disease 719
34.7 Late Onset Hypogonadism 722
Part VI 729
35 Testes Structure and Function 731
Tusshyenthan Seevagan, Stephen Hulligan, Jaspal Phull, and Omar M. Aboumarzouk
35.1 Comparative Anatomy 731
35.2 Topographical Anatomy 732
35.3 Blood Supply and Lymphatic Drainage 733
35.4 Epididymis 734
35.5 Vas Deferens 735
35.6 Seminal Vesicle 736
35.7 Verumontanum 736
35.8 Spermatic Cord 736
35.9 Testicular Physiology 736
36 Testes Congenital and Childhood Anomalies 741
Eleni Papageorgiou, Abraham Cherian, and Pankaj Mishra
36.1 Congenital Anomalies of the Testis 741
36.2 Inguinoscrotal Masses 749
36.3 The Acute Scrotum 753
37 Testes Trauma and Inflammation 759
Senthy Sellaturay, Kamran Ahmed, Muhammad Shamim Khan, and Majed Shabbir
37.1 Testicular Trauma 760
37.2 Inflammatory Diseases of the Testicle 761
37.3 Chronic Inflammation 763
37.4 Treatment 764
38 Testes Benign Swelling 769
Jasper Bondad, Piotr L. Chlosta, and Omar M. Aboumarzouk
38.1 Hydrocele 769
38.2 Epididymal Cyst 773
38.3 Benign Testicular Cyst 774
38.4 Testicular Torsion 774
38.5 Polyorchidism 775
38.6 Varicocele 776
38.7 Orchialgia 778
38.8 Nux Amatoris 778
39 Testes Neoplasm 783
Michelle Carey, Omar M. Aboumarzouk, and Johannes Alfred Witjes
39.1 History 784
39.2 Incidence 784
39.3 Basic Embryology 784
39.4 Aetiology and Risk Factors 784
39.5 Clinical Features 785
39.6 Diagnosis 785
39.7 Staging 791
39.8 Method of Spread 791
39.9 Prognosis 793
39.10 Treatment 793
39.11 Nongerm Cell Tumours 797
39.12 Tumours Containing Both Germ Cell and Sex Cord or Gonadal Stromal Elements: Gonadoblastoma 798
39.13 Other Tumours of the Testis 798
39.14 Tumours of the Paratesticular Structures 798
40 Male Infertility 803
Amr Abdel Raheem, Rowland Rees, and David Ralph
40.1 Incidence 803
40.2 Definitions 803
40.3 History and Examination 804
40.4 Aetiology 804
40.5 Investigations for Male Infertility 807
40.6 Testis Biopsy 809
40.7 Treatment of Male Infertility 811
40.8 Assisted Conception Techniques 812
40.9 Varicocele Repair 812
40.10 Medical Treatment of Male Infertility 813
41 Vasectomy and Seminal Vesicle Disorders 817
Omar M. Aboumarzouk, Bryan Jenkins, and Piotr L. Chlosta
41.1 Seminal Vesicles 818
41.2 Vasectomy 820
Index 825
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