Epidemiology 101 (Essential Public Health) Second Edition PDF

Chapter 1 History, Philosophy, and Uses of Epidemiology 1
Introduction 1
Epidemiology and Recent Epidemics 2
The Concept of an Epidemic 3
Definition of Epidemiology 6
The Evolving Conception of Epidemiology as a Liberal Art 8
Application of Descriptive and Analytic Methods to an Observational Science 10
History of Epidemiology and Development of Epidemiologic Principles 10
Brief Overview of Current Uses of Epidemiology 20
Conclusion 22
Study Questions and Exercises 23
Chapter 2 Epidemiology and Data Presentation 27
Introduction 27
Terminology of Samples 27
Data and Measurement Scales 31
Presentation of Epidemiologic Data 32
Measures of Central Tendency 37
Measures of Variation 38
Distribution Curves 39
Analyses of Bivariate Association 43
Parameter Estimation 47
Conclusion 48
Study Questions and Exercises 49
Chapter 3 Epidemiologic Measurements Used to Describe Disease Occurrence 57
Introduction 57
Mathematical Terms Used in Epidemiology 57
General Information Regarding Epidemiologic Measures 61
Types of Epidemiologic Measures 61
Epidemiologic Measures Related to Mortality 66
Specific Rates 69
Adjusted Rates 70
Measures of Natality and Mortality Linked to Natality 71
Conclusion 75
Study Questions and Exercises 76
Chapter 4 Data and Disease Occurrence 81
Introduction 81
Epidemiology in the Era of Big Data 82
Online Sources for Retrieval of Epidemiologic Information 84
Factors That Affect the Quality of Epidemiologic Data 84
U.S. Census Bureau 85
The Vital Registration System and Vital Events 86
Data from Public Health Surveillance Programs: Three Examples 88
Case Registries 94
Data from the National Center for Health Statistics 94
Data From International Organizations 98
Miscellaneous Data Sources 99
Conclusion 99
Study Questions and Exercises 100
Chapter 5 Descriptive Epidemiology: Patterns of Disease—Person, Place, Time 103
Introduction 103
What Is Descriptive Epidemiology? 104
Uses of Descriptive Epidemiologic Studies 106
Types of Descriptive Epidemiologic Studies 107
Person Variables 112
Place Variables 119
Time Variables 122
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Conclusion 126
Study Questions and Exercises 127
Chapter 6 Association and Causality 129
Introduction 129
Disease Causality in History 130
Deterministic and Probabilistic Causality in Epidemiology 132
Epidemiologic Research and the Search for Associations 135
Types of Associations Found Among Variables 136
The Criteria of Causality 137
Defining the Role of Chance in Associations 142
Conclusion 143
Study Questions and Exercises 144
Chapter 7 Analytic Epidemiology: Types of Study Designs 147
Introduction 147
Overview of Study Designs 147
Ecologic Studies 150
Case-Control Studies 153
Cohort Studies 155
Experimental Studies 158
Challenges to the Validity of Study Designs 160
Conclusion 162
Study Questions and Exercises 163
Chapter 8 Epidemiology and the Policy Arena 167
Introduction 167
Epidemiologists’ Roles In Policy Development 167
Policy and the 10 Essential Public Health Services 169
What Is a Health Policy? 170
Decision Analysis Based on Perceptions of Risks and Benefits 174
Examples of Public Health Policies and Laws 178
Ethics and Epidemiology 181
Conclusion 183
Study Questions and Exercises 185
Chapter 9 Epidemiology and Screening for Disease 189
Introduction 189
Overview of Screening 189
Examples of Screening Tests 192
Screening and the Natural History of Disease 198
Measures Used in Screening 199
Epidemiology 101 (Essential Public Health) Second Edition PDF Ebook

Robert H. Friis, PhD, earned his doctorate from Columbia University and completed a postdoctoral fellowship in social epidemiology at the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology from the University of California at Berkeley. He has had more than three decades of teaching and research experience in epidemiology. Formerly, he was Assistant Professor of Epidemiology at the Columbia University School of Public Health, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Community Health at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and Assistant Professor of Health Science at Brooklyn College of the City University of New York. Subsequently, he was Director of the Field Epidemiology Unit at the Orange County (California) Public Health Department. Later he became a faculty member in the Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology, and the School of Social Ecology at the University of California, Irvine. Currently, he is Professor and Chair of the Health Science Department at California State University, Long Beach, where he has taught introductory epidemiology and biostatistics. He has been involved in numerous epidemiologic research projects and has published more than 50 professional and scientific articles. He is a member of the Society for Epidemiologic Research and the epidemiology section of the American Public Health Association. He is also Clinical Professor of Community and Environmental Medicine at the University of California, Irvine. See the author as the “Expert” in Epidemiology in a short video on “Video Jug.”