Preface xi
Part 1 Foundations
1 The Chemical Basis of Life 1
1.1 What Is Biochemistry? 1
1.2 Biological Molecules 3
1.3 Energy and Metabolism 10
1.4 The Origin and Evolution of Life 14
2 Aqueous Chemistry 24
2.1 Water Molecules and Hydrogen Bonds 24
2.2 The Hydrophobic Effect 29
2.3 Acid-Base Chemistry 33
2.4 Tools and Techniques: Buffers 40
2.5 Clinical Connection: Acid-Base Balance in Humans 42
Part 2 Molecular Structure and Function
3 From Genes to Proteins 52
3.1 Nucleotides 52
3.2 Nucleic Acid Structure 56
3.3 The Central Dogma 61
3.4 Genomics 64
3.5 Tools and Techniques: Manipulating DNA 68
4 Protein Structure 85
4.1 Amino Acids, the Building Blocks of Proteins 86
4.2 Secondary Structure: The Conformation of the Peptide Group 94
4.3 Tertiary Structure and Protein Stability 97
4.4 Quaternary Structure 104
4.5 Clinical Connection: Protein Misfolding and Disease 105
4.6 Tools and Techniques: Analyzing Protein Structure 107
5 Protein Function 119
5.1 Myoglobin and Hemoglobin: Oxygen-Binding Proteins 120
5.2 Clinical Connection: Hemoglobin Variants 127
5.3 Structural Proteins 130
5.4 Motor Proteins 141
6 How Enzymes Work 154
6.1 What Is an Enzyme? 154
6.2 Chemical Catalytic Mechanisms 158
6.3 Unique Properties of Enzyme Catalysts 166
6.4 Chymotrypsin in Context 169
6.5 Clinical Connection: Blood Coagulation 173
7 Enzyme Kinetics and Inhibition 183
7.1 Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics 183
7.2 Derivation and Meaning of the Michaelis-Menten Equation 186
7.3 Enzyme Inhibition 194
7.4 Clinical Connection: Drug Development 204
8 Lipids and Membranes 215
8.1 Lipids 215
8.2 The Lipid Bilayer 222
8.3 Membrane Proteins 225
8.4 The Fluid Mosaic Model 228
9 Membrane Transport 235
9.1 The Thermodynamics of Membrane Transport 235
9.2 Passive Transport 240
9.3 Active Transport 245
9.4 Membrane Fusion 248
10 Signaling 260
10.1 General Features of Signaling Pathways 260
10.2 G Protein Signaling Pathways 265
10.3 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 270
10.4 Lipid Hormone Signaling 274
11 Carbohydrates 283
11.1 Monosaccharides 283
11.2 Polysaccharides 287
11.3 Glycoproteins 291
Part 3 Metabolism
12 Metabolism and Bioenergetics 301
12.1 Food and Fuel 301
12.2 Metabolic Pathways 306
12.3 Free Energy Changes in Metabolic Reactions 314
13 Glucose Metabolism 329
13.1 Glycolysis 330
13.2 Gluconeogenesis 344
13.3 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation 347
13.4 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway 350
13.5 Clinical Connection: Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism 353
14 The Citric Acid Cycle 362
14.1 The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Reaction 362
14.2 The Eight Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle 365
14.3 Thermodynamics of the Citric Acid Cycle 372
14.4 Anabolic and Catabolic Functions of the Citric Acid Cycle 375
15 Oxidative Phosphorylation 385
15.1 The Thermodynamics of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 385
15.2 Mitochondrial Electron Transport 390
15.3 Chemiosmosis 399
15.4 ATP Synthase 401
16 Photosynthesis 411
16.1 Chloroplasts and Solar Energy 411
16.2 The Light Reactions 415
16.3 Carbon Fixation 422
17 Lipid Metabolism 432
17.1 Lipid Transport 432
17.2 Fatty Acid Oxidation 435
17.3 Fatty Acid Synthesis 443
17.4 Synthesis of Other Lipids 452
18 Nitrogen Metabolism 464
18.1 Nitrogen Fixation and Assimilation 464
18.2 Amino Acid Biosynthesis 469
18.3 Amino Acid Catabolism 476
18.4 Nitrogen Disposal: The Urea Cycle 480
18.5 Nucleotide Metabolism 485
19 Regulation of Mammalian Fuel Metabolism 497
19.1 Integration of Fuel Metabolism 498
19.2 Hormonal Control of Fuel Metabolism 501
19.3 Disorders of Fuel Metabolism 507
19.4 Clinical Connection: Cancer Metabolism 511
Part 4 Genetic Information
20 DNA Replication and Repair 519
20.1 The DNA Replication Machinery 519
20.2 Telomeres 528
20.3 DNA Damage and Repair 531
20.4 Clinical Connection: Cancer as a Genetic Disease 538
20.5 DNA Packaging 540
21 Transcription and RNA 551
21.1 Initiating Transcription 552
21.2 RNA Polymerase 562
21.3 RNA Processing 567
22 Protein Synthesis 580
22.1 tRNA and the Genetic Code 580
22.2 Ribosome Structure 586
22.3 Translation 589
22.4 Post-Translational Events 597
Glossary G-1
Odd-Numbered Solutions S-1
Index I-1
Essential Biochemistry 4th Edition PDF Ebook
