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Setting the standard for more than 30 years, Exercise Physiology has helped more than 350,000 students build a solid foundation in the scientific principles underlying modern exercise physiology. This Eighth Edition is updated with the latest research in the field to give you easy to understand, up to date coverage of how nutrition, energy transfer, and exercise training affect human performance.
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E-Book Details
Сategories: Medicine|Physical-Medicine
Language : English
Hardcover : 1088 pages
ISBN-10 : 1451191553
ISBN-13 : 978-1451191554
Language : English
Hardcover : 1088 pages
ISBN-10 : 1451191553
ISBN-13 : 978-1451191554
Table of Contents
Introduction
A View of the Past: Exercise Physiology:
Roots and Historical Perspectives xv
Interview with Dr. Charles M. Tipton
Part One
Exercise Physiology 1
Section 1 Nutrition: The Base for
Human Performance 3
Interview with Dr. David L. Costill
Chapter 1
Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins 7
PART 1 • CARBOHYDRATES 8
Kinds and Sources of Carbohydrates 8
Recommended Intake of Carbohydrates 14
Role of Carbohydrates in The Body 14
Carbohydrate Dynamics During Physical Activity 15
PART 2 • LIPIDS 18
The Nature of Lipids 18
Kinds and Sources of Lipids 18
Recommended Lipid Intake 25
Role of Lipid in The Body 26
Fat Dynamics During Physical Activity 27
PART 3 • PROTEINS 30
The Nature of Proteins 30
Kinds of Protein 30
Recommended Protein Intake 32
Protein’s Role in The Body 33
Dynamics of Protein Metabolism 33
Nitrogen Balance 36
Protein Dynamics During Physical Activity 37
Chapter 2
Vitamins, Minerals, and Water 41
PART 1 • VITAMINS 42
The Nature of Vitamins 42
Kinds of Vitamins 42
Role of Vitamins 42
Defining Nutrient Needs 43
Physical Activity, Free Radicals, and Antioxidants 49
Does Vitamin Supplementation Provide a Competitive Edge? 51
PART 2 • MINERALS 53
The Nature of Minerals 53
Role of Minerals in The Body 53
Calcium 57
The Female Athlete Triad: An Unexpected Problem for Women
Who Train Intensely 61
Phosphorus 63
Magnesium 63
Iron 64
Sodium, Potassium, and Chlorine 67
Minerals and Exercise Performance 68
PART 3 • water 72
The Body’s Water Content 72
Water Balance: Intake Versus Output 74
Water Requirement in Physical Activity 75
Chapter 3
Optimal Nutrition for Physical Activity 79
Nutrient Intake Among the Physically Active 80
The Essentials of Good Nutrition 85
Myplate: The Healthy Eating Guide 85
Physical Activity and Food Intake 87
Precompetition Meal 92
Carbohydrate Feedings Prior To, During, and in Recovery from
Physical Activity 94
Glucose Feedings, Electrolytes, and Water Uptake 99
Section 2 Energy for Physical
Activity 105
Interview with Dr. John O. Holloszy
Chapter 4
Energy Value of Food 109
Measurement of Food Energy 110
Chapter 5
Introduction to Energy Transfer 117
Energy—The Capacity for Work 118
Interconversions of Energy 120
Biologic Work in Humans 121
Enzymes and Coenzymes Alter the Rate of Energy Release 124
Hydrolysis and Condensation: The Basis for Digestion
and Synthesis 126
Chapter 6
Energy Transfer in the Body 133
PART 1 • PHOSPHATE BOND ENERGY 134
Adenosine Triphosphate: The Energy Currency 134
Phosphocreatine: The Energy Reservoir 136
Cellular Oxidation 137
Oxygen’s Role in Energy Metabolism 140
PART 2 • ENERGY RELEASE FROM MACRONUTRIENTS 141
Energy Release from Carbohydrate 141
Energy Release from Fat 150
Energy Release from Protein 156
The Metabolic Mill: Interrelationships Among Carbohydrate,
Fat, and Protein Metabolism 156
Chapter 7
Energy Transfer During Physical Activity 161
Immediate Energy: The Atp –Pcr System 162
Short-Term Glycolytic (Lactate-Forming) Energy System 162
Long-Term Energy: The Aerobic System 163
Energy Spectrum of Physical Activity 167
Oxygen Consumption During Recovery 168
Chapter 8
Measurement of Human Energy Expenditure 177
Measuring The Body’s Heat Production 178
Doubly Labeled Water Technique 184
Respiratory Quotient 185
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (Rer) 189
xii Contents
Chapter 9
Human Energy Expenditure During Rest
and Physical Activity 191
PART 1 • Energy Expenditure at Rest 192
Basal and Resting Metabolic Rate 192
Metabolic Size Concept 192
Metabolic Rates of Humans: Age and Gender Comparisons 193
Five Factors That Affect Total Daily Energy Expenditure 196
PART 2 • Energy Expenditure during Physical
Activity 199
Classification of Physical Activities by Energy Expenditure 199
The Met 200
Daily Rates of Average Energy Expenditure 200
Energy Cost of Household, Industrial, and Recreational
Activities 202
Heart Rate to Estimate Energy Expenditure 202
Chapter 10
Energy Expenditure During Walking,
Jogging, Running, and Swimming 205
Gross Versus Net Energy Expenditure 206
Economy of Human Movement 206
Energy Expenditure During Walking 208
Energy Expenditure During Running 212
Swimming 220
Chapter 11
Individual Differences and Measurement
of Energy Capacities 227
Specificity Versus Generality of Metabolic Capacity and Exercise
Performance 228
Overview of Energy-Transfer Capacity During Exercise 228
Anaerobic Energy Transfer: The Immediate and Short-Term Energy
Systems 228
Aerobic Energy: The Long-Term Energy System 236
Section 3 Aerobic Systems
of Energy Delivery
and Utilization 249
Interview with Dr. Loring B. Rowell
Chapter 12
Pulmonary Structure and Function 253
Surface Area and Gas Exchange 254
Anatomy of Ventilation 254
Mechanics of Ventilation 255
Lung Volumes and Capacities 258
Lung Function, Aerobic Fitness, and Physical Performance 261
Pulmonary Ventilation 261
Variations From Normal Breathing Patterns 265
The Respiratory Tract During Cold-Weather Physical Activity 267
Chapter 13
Gas Exchange and Transport 269
PART 1 • GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS
AND TISSUES 270
Concentrations and Partial Pressures of Respired Gases 270
Gas Movement in Air and Fluids 271
Gas Exchange in The Lungs and Tissues 272
PART 2 • OXYGEN TRANSPORT 275
Oxygen Transport in Blood 275
PART 3 • CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT 282
Carbon Dioxide Transport in The Blood 282
Chapter 14
Dynamics of Pulmonary Ventilation 285
PART 1 • REGULATION OF PULMONARY VENTILATION 286
Ventilatory Control 286
Regulation of Ventilation During Physical Activity 288
PART 2 • PULMONARY VENTILATION DURING PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY 290
Ventilation and Energy Demands During Physical Activity 290
Energy Cost of Breathing 295
Does Ventilation Limit Aerobic Power and Endurance
Performance?
296
PART 3 • ACID-BASE REGULATION 298
Buffering 298
Physiologic Buffers 300
Effects of Intense Physical Activity 301
Chapter 15
The Cardiovascular System 303
Cardiovascular System Components 304
Hypertension 315
Blood Pressure Response to Physical Activity 318
The Heart’s Blood Supply 320
Myocardial Metabolism 322
Chapter 16
Cardiovascular Regulation and Integration 325
Intrinsic Regulation of Heart Rate 326
Extrinsic Regulation of Heart Rate and Circulation 327
Distribution of Blood 333
Integrative Response During Physical Activity 336
Physical Activity After Cardiac Transplantation 337
Chapter 17
Functional Capacity of the Cardiovascular
System 341
Cardiac Output 342
Cardiac Output at Rest 343
Cardiac Output During Physical Activity 344
Cardiac Output Distribution 347
Cardiac Output and Oxygen Transport 348
Cardiovascular Adjustments to Upper-Body Exercise 352
Chapter 18
Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function 355
Gross Structure of Skeletal Muscle 356
Skeletal Muscle Ultrastructure 360
Muscle Fiber Alignment 362
Actin–Myosin Orientation 366
Chemical and Mechanical Events During Muscle Action
and Relaxation 367
Muscle Fiber Type 374
Genes That Define Skeletal Muscle Phenotype 379
Fiber Type Differences Among Athletic Groups 379
Chapter 19
Neural Control of Human Movement 383
Neuromotor System Organization 384
Nerve Supply to Muscle 391
Motor Unit Functional Characteristics 396
Receptors in Muscles, Joints, and Tendons: The Proprioceptors 400
Contents xiii
PART 1 • Pharmacologic Agents for Ergogenic
Effects 548
PART 2 • Nonpharmacologic Approaches for
Ergogenic Effects
571
Section 5 Exercise Performance
and Environmental
Stress 593
Interview with Barbara Drinkwater
Chapter 24
Physical Activity at Medium
and High Altitude 597
The Stress of Altitude 598
Acclimatization 600
Metabolic, Physiologic, and Exercise Capacities at Altitude 608
Altitude Training and Sea-Level Performance 610
Combine Altitude Stay With Low-Altitude Training 611
Chapter 25
Exercise and Thermal Stress 615
PART 1 • MECHANISMS OF THERMOREGULATION
616
Thermal Balance 616
Hypothalamic Temperature Regulation 617
Thermoregulation in Cold Stress: Heat Conservation
and Heat Production 617
Thermoregulation in Heat Stress: Heat Loss 618
Effects of Clothing on Thermoregulation 621
PART 2 • THERMOREGULATION
AND ENVIRONMENTAL
HEAT STRESS DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 626
Physical Activity in The Heat 626
Maintaining Fluid Balance: Rehydration and Hyperhydration 630
Factors That Modify Heat Tolerance 632
Complications From Excessive Heat Stress 635
PART 3 • THERMOREGULATION
AND ENVIRONMENTAL
COLD STRESS DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 637
Physical Activity in the Cold 637
Cold Acclimatization 639
How Cold Is Too Cold? 640
Chapter 26
Sport Diving 643
Diving History—Antiquity to the Present 644
Pressure–Volume Relationships and Diving Depth 652
Snorkeling and Breath-Hold Diving 653
Scuba Diving 659
Special Problems with Breathing Gases at High Pressures 661
Dives to Exceptional Depths: Mixed-Gas Diving 667
Energy Cost of Underwater Swimming 670
Chapter 27
Microgravity: The Last Frontier 673
The Weightless Environment 674
Historical Overview of Aerospace Physiology and Medicine 680
Modern Era 683
Medical Evaluation for Astronaut Selection 686
Bone 689
Countermeasure Strategies 702
Overview of Physiologic Responses to Spaceflight 714
Nasa’s New Vision for the Future of Space Exploration 715
Practical Benefits from Space Biology Research 720
Final Words 722
Chapter 20
The Endocrine System: Organization and
Acute and Chronic Responses to Physical
Activity 407
Endocrine System Overview 408
Endocrine System Organization 408
Resting and Exercise-Induced Endocrine Secretions 414
Gonadal Hormones 425
Exercise Training and Endocrine Function 440
Resistance Training and Endocrine Function 445
Opioid Peptides and Physical Activity 447
Physical Activity, Infectious Illness, Cancer, and Immune
Response
449
Part Two
Applied Exercise
Physiology 455
Section 4 Enhancement of Energy
Transfer Capacity 457
Interview with Bengt Saltin
Chapter 21
Training for Anaerobic and Aerobic Power 461
Exercise Training Principles 462
How Exercise Training Impacts the Anaerobic System 464
Anaerobic System Changes with Training 464
How Training Impacts the Aerobic System 464
Factors That Affect Aerobic Training Responses 477
How Long Before Improvements Occur? 484
Maintaining Gains in Aerobic Fitness 485
Training Methods 486
Overtraining: Too Much of a Good Thing 490
Physical Activity During Pregnancy 491
Chapter 22
Muscular Strength: Training Muscles
to Become Stronger 499
PART 1 • STRENGTH MEASUREMENT AND RESISTANCE
TRAINING 500
Objectives of Resistance Training 502
Measurement of Muscle Strength 502
Gender Differences in Muscle Strength 506
Training Muscles to Become Stronger 509
PART 2 • STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS
TO RESISTANCE TRAINING 528
Factors That Modify the Expression of Human
Strength 528
Comparative Training Responses in Men and Women 535
Detraining Effects on Muscle 536
Metabolic Stress of Resistance Training 537
Circuit Resistance Training 537
Muscle Soreness and Stiffness 538
Chapter 23
Special Aids to Exercise Training
and Performances 543
An Increasing Challenge To Fair Competition 544
On the Horizon 548
xiv Contents
Section 6 Body Composition,
Energy Balance, and
Weight Control 727
Interview with Dr. Claude Bouchard
Chapter 28
Body Composition Assessment 731
Overweight, Overfatness, and Obesity: No Unanimity
for Terminology 732
The Body Mass Index: A Popular Clinical Standard 733
Composition of The Human Body 738
Common Techniques to Assess Body Composition 742
Average Percentage Body Fat 761
Determining Goal Body Weight 762
Chapter 29
Physique, Performance, and Physical Activity 765
Physiques of Champion Athletes 766
Upper Limit for Fat-Free Body Mass 784
Chapter 30
Overweight, Overfatness (Obesity),
and Weight Control 787
PART 1 • Obesity 788
Historical Perspective 788
Obesity Remains a Worldwide Epidemic 788
Increased Body Fat: A Progressive Long-Term Process 792
Genetics Influences Body Fat Accumulation 793
Physical Inactivity: A Crucial Component in Excessive
Fat Accumulation 796
Health Risks of Excessive Body Fat 797
Criteria for Excessive Body Fat: How Fat Is Too Fat? 801
PART 2 • PRINCIPLES OF WEIGHT CONTROL: DIET
AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 808
Energy Balance: Input Versus Output 808
Dieting for Weight Control 809
Factors That Affect Weight Loss 819
Increased Physical Activity for Weight Control 820
Effectiveness of Regular Physical Activity 823
Weight Loss Recommendations for Wrestlers and Other Power
Athletes 830
Gaining Weight: The Competitive Athlete’s Dilemma 830
Section 7 Exercise, Successful
Aging, and Disease
Prevention 835
Interview with Dr. Steven N. Blair
Chapter 31
Physical Activity, Health, and Aging 839
The Graying of America 840
The New Gerontology 840
PART 1 • PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE POPULATION 842
Physical Activity Epidemiology 842
PART 2 • AGING AND PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTION 848
Age Trends 848
Trainability and Age 858
PART 3 • PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH,
AND LONGEVITY 859
Physical Activity, Health, and Longevity 859
Regular Moderate Physical Activity Provides Significant
Benefits
860
PART 4 • CORONARY HEART DISEASE 862
Changes on the Cellular Level 862
Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors 864
Chapter 32
Clinical Exercise Physiology for Cancer,
Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary
Rehabilitation 877
The Exercise Physiologist in the Clinical Setting 878
Training and Certification Programs for Professional
Exercise Physiologists 880
Clinical Applications of Exercise Physiology to Diverse Diseases
and Disorders 880
Oncology 880
Cardiovascular Disease 884
Assessing Cardiac Disease 892
Stress Test Protocols 901
Prescribing Physical Activity and Exercise 902
Cardiac Rehabilitation 907
Pulmonary Diseases 908
Physical Activity and Asthma 916
Neuromuscular Diseases, Disabilities, and Disorders 919
Renal Disease 920
Cognitive/Emotional Diseases and Disorders 921
Section 8 On the Horizon 925
Interview with Dr. Frank W. Booth
Chapter 33
Molecular Biology: A New Vista for
Exercise Physiology 929
Historical Tour of Molecular Biology 931
Revolution in the Biologic Sciences 934
The Human Genome 936
Nucleic Acids 938
How Dna Replicates 947
Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation 950
Mutations 968
New Horizons in Molecular Biology 978
Human Performance Research 1002
Shaping the Future 1006
Index 1009
Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance 8th Edition PDF Ebook
A View of the Past: Exercise Physiology:
Roots and Historical Perspectives xv
Interview with Dr. Charles M. Tipton
Part One
Exercise Physiology 1
Section 1 Nutrition: The Base for
Human Performance 3
Interview with Dr. David L. Costill
Chapter 1
Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins 7
PART 1 • CARBOHYDRATES 8
Kinds and Sources of Carbohydrates 8
Recommended Intake of Carbohydrates 14
Role of Carbohydrates in The Body 14
Carbohydrate Dynamics During Physical Activity 15
PART 2 • LIPIDS 18
The Nature of Lipids 18
Kinds and Sources of Lipids 18
Recommended Lipid Intake 25
Role of Lipid in The Body 26
Fat Dynamics During Physical Activity 27
PART 3 • PROTEINS 30
The Nature of Proteins 30
Kinds of Protein 30
Recommended Protein Intake 32
Protein’s Role in The Body 33
Dynamics of Protein Metabolism 33
Nitrogen Balance 36
Protein Dynamics During Physical Activity 37
Chapter 2
Vitamins, Minerals, and Water 41
PART 1 • VITAMINS 42
The Nature of Vitamins 42
Kinds of Vitamins 42
Role of Vitamins 42
Defining Nutrient Needs 43
Physical Activity, Free Radicals, and Antioxidants 49
Does Vitamin Supplementation Provide a Competitive Edge? 51
PART 2 • MINERALS 53
The Nature of Minerals 53
Role of Minerals in The Body 53
Calcium 57
The Female Athlete Triad: An Unexpected Problem for Women
Who Train Intensely 61
Phosphorus 63
Magnesium 63
Iron 64
Sodium, Potassium, and Chlorine 67
Minerals and Exercise Performance 68
PART 3 • water 72
The Body’s Water Content 72
Water Balance: Intake Versus Output 74
Water Requirement in Physical Activity 75
Chapter 3
Optimal Nutrition for Physical Activity 79
Nutrient Intake Among the Physically Active 80
The Essentials of Good Nutrition 85
Myplate: The Healthy Eating Guide 85
Physical Activity and Food Intake 87
Precompetition Meal 92
Carbohydrate Feedings Prior To, During, and in Recovery from
Physical Activity 94
Glucose Feedings, Electrolytes, and Water Uptake 99
Section 2 Energy for Physical
Activity 105
Interview with Dr. John O. Holloszy
Chapter 4
Energy Value of Food 109
Measurement of Food Energy 110
Chapter 5
Introduction to Energy Transfer 117
Energy—The Capacity for Work 118
Interconversions of Energy 120
Biologic Work in Humans 121
Enzymes and Coenzymes Alter the Rate of Energy Release 124
Hydrolysis and Condensation: The Basis for Digestion
and Synthesis 126
Chapter 6
Energy Transfer in the Body 133
PART 1 • PHOSPHATE BOND ENERGY 134
Adenosine Triphosphate: The Energy Currency 134
Phosphocreatine: The Energy Reservoir 136
Cellular Oxidation 137
Oxygen’s Role in Energy Metabolism 140
PART 2 • ENERGY RELEASE FROM MACRONUTRIENTS 141
Energy Release from Carbohydrate 141
Energy Release from Fat 150
Energy Release from Protein 156
The Metabolic Mill: Interrelationships Among Carbohydrate,
Fat, and Protein Metabolism 156
Chapter 7
Energy Transfer During Physical Activity 161
Immediate Energy: The Atp –Pcr System 162
Short-Term Glycolytic (Lactate-Forming) Energy System 162
Long-Term Energy: The Aerobic System 163
Energy Spectrum of Physical Activity 167
Oxygen Consumption During Recovery 168
Chapter 8
Measurement of Human Energy Expenditure 177
Measuring The Body’s Heat Production 178
Doubly Labeled Water Technique 184
Respiratory Quotient 185
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (Rer) 189
xii Contents
Chapter 9
Human Energy Expenditure During Rest
and Physical Activity 191
PART 1 • Energy Expenditure at Rest 192
Basal and Resting Metabolic Rate 192
Metabolic Size Concept 192
Metabolic Rates of Humans: Age and Gender Comparisons 193
Five Factors That Affect Total Daily Energy Expenditure 196
PART 2 • Energy Expenditure during Physical
Activity 199
Classification of Physical Activities by Energy Expenditure 199
The Met 200
Daily Rates of Average Energy Expenditure 200
Energy Cost of Household, Industrial, and Recreational
Activities 202
Heart Rate to Estimate Energy Expenditure 202
Chapter 10
Energy Expenditure During Walking,
Jogging, Running, and Swimming 205
Gross Versus Net Energy Expenditure 206
Economy of Human Movement 206
Energy Expenditure During Walking 208
Energy Expenditure During Running 212
Swimming 220
Chapter 11
Individual Differences and Measurement
of Energy Capacities 227
Specificity Versus Generality of Metabolic Capacity and Exercise
Performance 228
Overview of Energy-Transfer Capacity During Exercise 228
Anaerobic Energy Transfer: The Immediate and Short-Term Energy
Systems 228
Aerobic Energy: The Long-Term Energy System 236
Section 3 Aerobic Systems
of Energy Delivery
and Utilization 249
Interview with Dr. Loring B. Rowell
Chapter 12
Pulmonary Structure and Function 253
Surface Area and Gas Exchange 254
Anatomy of Ventilation 254
Mechanics of Ventilation 255
Lung Volumes and Capacities 258
Lung Function, Aerobic Fitness, and Physical Performance 261
Pulmonary Ventilation 261
Variations From Normal Breathing Patterns 265
The Respiratory Tract During Cold-Weather Physical Activity 267
Chapter 13
Gas Exchange and Transport 269
PART 1 • GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS
AND TISSUES 270
Concentrations and Partial Pressures of Respired Gases 270
Gas Movement in Air and Fluids 271
Gas Exchange in The Lungs and Tissues 272
PART 2 • OXYGEN TRANSPORT 275
Oxygen Transport in Blood 275
PART 3 • CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT 282
Carbon Dioxide Transport in The Blood 282
Chapter 14
Dynamics of Pulmonary Ventilation 285
PART 1 • REGULATION OF PULMONARY VENTILATION 286
Ventilatory Control 286
Regulation of Ventilation During Physical Activity 288
PART 2 • PULMONARY VENTILATION DURING PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY 290
Ventilation and Energy Demands During Physical Activity 290
Energy Cost of Breathing 295
Does Ventilation Limit Aerobic Power and Endurance
Performance?
296
PART 3 • ACID-BASE REGULATION 298
Buffering 298
Physiologic Buffers 300
Effects of Intense Physical Activity 301
Chapter 15
The Cardiovascular System 303
Cardiovascular System Components 304
Hypertension 315
Blood Pressure Response to Physical Activity 318
The Heart’s Blood Supply 320
Myocardial Metabolism 322
Chapter 16
Cardiovascular Regulation and Integration 325
Intrinsic Regulation of Heart Rate 326
Extrinsic Regulation of Heart Rate and Circulation 327
Distribution of Blood 333
Integrative Response During Physical Activity 336
Physical Activity After Cardiac Transplantation 337
Chapter 17
Functional Capacity of the Cardiovascular
System 341
Cardiac Output 342
Cardiac Output at Rest 343
Cardiac Output During Physical Activity 344
Cardiac Output Distribution 347
Cardiac Output and Oxygen Transport 348
Cardiovascular Adjustments to Upper-Body Exercise 352
Chapter 18
Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function 355
Gross Structure of Skeletal Muscle 356
Skeletal Muscle Ultrastructure 360
Muscle Fiber Alignment 362
Actin–Myosin Orientation 366
Chemical and Mechanical Events During Muscle Action
and Relaxation 367
Muscle Fiber Type 374
Genes That Define Skeletal Muscle Phenotype 379
Fiber Type Differences Among Athletic Groups 379
Chapter 19
Neural Control of Human Movement 383
Neuromotor System Organization 384
Nerve Supply to Muscle 391
Motor Unit Functional Characteristics 396
Receptors in Muscles, Joints, and Tendons: The Proprioceptors 400
Contents xiii
PART 1 • Pharmacologic Agents for Ergogenic
Effects 548
PART 2 • Nonpharmacologic Approaches for
Ergogenic Effects
571
Section 5 Exercise Performance
and Environmental
Stress 593
Interview with Barbara Drinkwater
Chapter 24
Physical Activity at Medium
and High Altitude 597
The Stress of Altitude 598
Acclimatization 600
Metabolic, Physiologic, and Exercise Capacities at Altitude 608
Altitude Training and Sea-Level Performance 610
Combine Altitude Stay With Low-Altitude Training 611
Chapter 25
Exercise and Thermal Stress 615
PART 1 • MECHANISMS OF THERMOREGULATION
616
Thermal Balance 616
Hypothalamic Temperature Regulation 617
Thermoregulation in Cold Stress: Heat Conservation
and Heat Production 617
Thermoregulation in Heat Stress: Heat Loss 618
Effects of Clothing on Thermoregulation 621
PART 2 • THERMOREGULATION
AND ENVIRONMENTAL
HEAT STRESS DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 626
Physical Activity in The Heat 626
Maintaining Fluid Balance: Rehydration and Hyperhydration 630
Factors That Modify Heat Tolerance 632
Complications From Excessive Heat Stress 635
PART 3 • THERMOREGULATION
AND ENVIRONMENTAL
COLD STRESS DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 637
Physical Activity in the Cold 637
Cold Acclimatization 639
How Cold Is Too Cold? 640
Chapter 26
Sport Diving 643
Diving History—Antiquity to the Present 644
Pressure–Volume Relationships and Diving Depth 652
Snorkeling and Breath-Hold Diving 653
Scuba Diving 659
Special Problems with Breathing Gases at High Pressures 661
Dives to Exceptional Depths: Mixed-Gas Diving 667
Energy Cost of Underwater Swimming 670
Chapter 27
Microgravity: The Last Frontier 673
The Weightless Environment 674
Historical Overview of Aerospace Physiology and Medicine 680
Modern Era 683
Medical Evaluation for Astronaut Selection 686
Bone 689
Countermeasure Strategies 702
Overview of Physiologic Responses to Spaceflight 714
Nasa’s New Vision for the Future of Space Exploration 715
Practical Benefits from Space Biology Research 720
Final Words 722
Chapter 20
The Endocrine System: Organization and
Acute and Chronic Responses to Physical
Activity 407
Endocrine System Overview 408
Endocrine System Organization 408
Resting and Exercise-Induced Endocrine Secretions 414
Gonadal Hormones 425
Exercise Training and Endocrine Function 440
Resistance Training and Endocrine Function 445
Opioid Peptides and Physical Activity 447
Physical Activity, Infectious Illness, Cancer, and Immune
Response
449
Part Two
Applied Exercise
Physiology 455
Section 4 Enhancement of Energy
Transfer Capacity 457
Interview with Bengt Saltin
Chapter 21
Training for Anaerobic and Aerobic Power 461
Exercise Training Principles 462
How Exercise Training Impacts the Anaerobic System 464
Anaerobic System Changes with Training 464
How Training Impacts the Aerobic System 464
Factors That Affect Aerobic Training Responses 477
How Long Before Improvements Occur? 484
Maintaining Gains in Aerobic Fitness 485
Training Methods 486
Overtraining: Too Much of a Good Thing 490
Physical Activity During Pregnancy 491
Chapter 22
Muscular Strength: Training Muscles
to Become Stronger 499
PART 1 • STRENGTH MEASUREMENT AND RESISTANCE
TRAINING 500
Objectives of Resistance Training 502
Measurement of Muscle Strength 502
Gender Differences in Muscle Strength 506
Training Muscles to Become Stronger 509
PART 2 • STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS
TO RESISTANCE TRAINING 528
Factors That Modify the Expression of Human
Strength 528
Comparative Training Responses in Men and Women 535
Detraining Effects on Muscle 536
Metabolic Stress of Resistance Training 537
Circuit Resistance Training 537
Muscle Soreness and Stiffness 538
Chapter 23
Special Aids to Exercise Training
and Performances 543
An Increasing Challenge To Fair Competition 544
On the Horizon 548
xiv Contents
Section 6 Body Composition,
Energy Balance, and
Weight Control 727
Interview with Dr. Claude Bouchard
Chapter 28
Body Composition Assessment 731
Overweight, Overfatness, and Obesity: No Unanimity
for Terminology 732
The Body Mass Index: A Popular Clinical Standard 733
Composition of The Human Body 738
Common Techniques to Assess Body Composition 742
Average Percentage Body Fat 761
Determining Goal Body Weight 762
Chapter 29
Physique, Performance, and Physical Activity 765
Physiques of Champion Athletes 766
Upper Limit for Fat-Free Body Mass 784
Chapter 30
Overweight, Overfatness (Obesity),
and Weight Control 787
PART 1 • Obesity 788
Historical Perspective 788
Obesity Remains a Worldwide Epidemic 788
Increased Body Fat: A Progressive Long-Term Process 792
Genetics Influences Body Fat Accumulation 793
Physical Inactivity: A Crucial Component in Excessive
Fat Accumulation 796
Health Risks of Excessive Body Fat 797
Criteria for Excessive Body Fat: How Fat Is Too Fat? 801
PART 2 • PRINCIPLES OF WEIGHT CONTROL: DIET
AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 808
Energy Balance: Input Versus Output 808
Dieting for Weight Control 809
Factors That Affect Weight Loss 819
Increased Physical Activity for Weight Control 820
Effectiveness of Regular Physical Activity 823
Weight Loss Recommendations for Wrestlers and Other Power
Athletes 830
Gaining Weight: The Competitive Athlete’s Dilemma 830
Section 7 Exercise, Successful
Aging, and Disease
Prevention 835
Interview with Dr. Steven N. Blair
Chapter 31
Physical Activity, Health, and Aging 839
The Graying of America 840
The New Gerontology 840
PART 1 • PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE POPULATION 842
Physical Activity Epidemiology 842
PART 2 • AGING AND PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTION 848
Age Trends 848
Trainability and Age 858
PART 3 • PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH,
AND LONGEVITY 859
Physical Activity, Health, and Longevity 859
Regular Moderate Physical Activity Provides Significant
Benefits
860
PART 4 • CORONARY HEART DISEASE 862
Changes on the Cellular Level 862
Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors 864
Chapter 32
Clinical Exercise Physiology for Cancer,
Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary
Rehabilitation 877
The Exercise Physiologist in the Clinical Setting 878
Training and Certification Programs for Professional
Exercise Physiologists 880
Clinical Applications of Exercise Physiology to Diverse Diseases
and Disorders 880
Oncology 880
Cardiovascular Disease 884
Assessing Cardiac Disease 892
Stress Test Protocols 901
Prescribing Physical Activity and Exercise 902
Cardiac Rehabilitation 907
Pulmonary Diseases 908
Physical Activity and Asthma 916
Neuromuscular Diseases, Disabilities, and Disorders 919
Renal Disease 920
Cognitive/Emotional Diseases and Disorders 921
Section 8 On the Horizon 925
Interview with Dr. Frank W. Booth
Chapter 33
Molecular Biology: A New Vista for
Exercise Physiology 929
Historical Tour of Molecular Biology 931
Revolution in the Biologic Sciences 934
The Human Genome 936
Nucleic Acids 938
How Dna Replicates 947
Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation 950
Mutations 968
New Horizons in Molecular Biology 978
Human Performance Research 1002
Shaping the Future 1006
Index 1009
Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance 8th Edition PDF Ebook
About the Authors
William D. McArdle
Professor Emeritus, Department of Family, Nutrition,
and Exercise Science
Queens College of the City University of New York
Flushing, New York
Exercise Physiologist, Weight Watchers International
Frank I. Katch
Instructor and Board Member
Certificate Program in Fitness Instruction
UCLA Extension, Los Angeles, California
Former Professor and Chair of Exercise Science
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
Victor L. Katch
Professor of Movement Science
School of Kinesiology
Associate Professor, Pediatrics
School of Medicine
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Professor Emeritus, Department of Family, Nutrition,
and Exercise Science
Queens College of the City University of New York
Flushing, New York
Exercise Physiologist, Weight Watchers International
Frank I. Katch
Instructor and Board Member
Certificate Program in Fitness Instruction
UCLA Extension, Los Angeles, California
Former Professor and Chair of Exercise Science
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
Victor L. Katch
Professor of Movement Science
School of Kinesiology
Associate Professor, Pediatrics
School of Medicine
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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