Grammar for Everyone Practical Tools for Learning and Teaching Grammar PDF

Foreword iii
Part I
Teaching grammar
Grammar – background and history 3
Teaching strategies for the contemporary classroom 8
Practical suggestions 14
Part II
The parts of speech
Introduction 21
1 Nouns 22
Common nouns 22
Proper nouns 23
Collective nouns 25
Abstract nouns 27
Revision of nouns 29
Things we can say about nouns 30
Number 30
I
II
Gender 32
Case 34
2 Pronouns 35
Personal pronouns 35
Demonstrative pronouns 38
3 Verbs 41
Finite and non-finite verbs 41
Tense 44
Simple and continuous verbs 45
Auxiliary (helper) verbs 49
4 Adjectives 53
Adjectives formed from nouns and verbs 56
Words that can be used as several parts of speech 56
Adjectives of degree and comparison 58
5 Adverbs 62
Adverbs of time 63
Adverbs of place 63
Adverbs of manner 63
Interrogative adverbs 64
Comparative adverbs 64
Irregular adverbs of comparison 64
6 Articles 68
The indefinite article 69
The definite article 69
7 Prepositions 71
8 Conjunctions 73
Coordinating conjunctions 73
Subordinating conjunctions 73
9 Interjections 75
10 Sentence forms 76
Statements 76
Questions 76
vi contents
Commands 77
Exclamations 77
11 The apostrophe 80
Contractions 80
Possession 81
Avoiding confusion 82
12 Commas 84
The comma separates 85
A comma before the word ‘and’ 86
13 Inverted commas 89
14 Subject and predicate 92
Abbreviations 95
15 Objects – direct and indirect 97
The direct object 97
The indirect object 100
I or me? 101
The complement 103
16 More about verbs 108
Subjects matching verbs 109
Transitive and intransitive verbs 111
Active and passive voice 113
17 Participles 116
Present participles 116
Past participles 117
Adjectival participles and gerunds 118
18 Perfect tenses 122
The present perfect tense 122
The past perfect tense 122
The future perfect tense 123
19 More about adjectives and adverbs 128
Numeral adjectives 128
Indefinite adjectives 128
contents vii
Quantitative adjectives 128
Interrogative adjectives 129
Possessive adjectives 129
Adverbs of comparison 130
Adverbs modifying other parts of speech 130
Adverbs formed from adjectives 131
20 More punctuation 132
Colons 132
Semicolons 134
Hyphens 135
Parentheses – brackets and dashes 136
Ellipsis 137
21 More pronouns 139
Interrogative pronouns 139
Possessive pronouns 140
Indefinite and distributive pronouns 140
22 Emphasis 143
23 Mood 145
Indicative mood 146
Imperative mood 146
Subjunctive or conditional mood 146
24 Case 150
Nominative 150
Accusative 150
Dative 150
Genitive 151
Vocative 151
25 Phrases 153
Adjectival phrases 154
Adverbial phrases 155
Noun phrases 155
viii contents
26 Clauses 160
Main clauses 162
Subordinate clauses 163
Adjectival clauses and relative pronouns 164
Adverbial clauses 167
Adverbial clause of time 168
Adverbial clause of place 168
Adverbial clause of reason 169
Adverbial clause of manner 169
Adverbial clause of condition 170
Adverbial clause of result 170
Adverbial clause of purpose 171
Adverbial clause of concession 172
Adverbial clause of comparison 172
Noun clause 174
27 Clause analysis 177
Format 1 – clause analysis chart 178
Format 2 – clause analysis table 179
Format 3 – clause analysis tree 182
28 Word building 188
29 Improve the way you speak and write 192
Confusion between words 192
Past tense and past participle 195
Double negatives 195
Double comparatives 196
Redundant adverbs 196
30 A final word 198
Bibliography 200
Glossary 202
Index 208
Grammar for Everyone Practical Tools for Learning and Teaching Grammar PDF Ebook

By (author) Barbara Dykes