E-Book Description
Koehler/Zimmer’s Borderlands of Normal and Early Pathological Findings in Skeletal Radiography 5th Edition PDF Free Download
Still normal, or already pathologic? Every radiologist, surgeon, and orthopedic surgeon are confronted with this question on a daily basis, indeed it accompanies them for their professional life. For more than 90 years, “Koehler/Zimmer” has been the reference for differentiating borderline findings.Generations of physicians have considered this work indispensable in learning skeletal radiology, and have profited immensely from the unique selection of images.
This standard work in diagnostic radiology is now in it’s 5th edition, and has been completely restructured and expanded to include:
– 4200+ images
– findings between normal and pathologic; in both pediatric and adult patients
– integration of appropriate CT and MR Imaging findings
– completely new didactic concept: structuring of all possible changes in five pathologic categories: dysplasia, trauma, necroses, inflammation, and tumor.
This work will greatly help the radiologist to increase his or her certainty and confidence in describing findings in skeletal radiology, and in arriving at appropriate diagnosis.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to the Radiological Evaluation of Normal Variants 1
J. Freyschmidt
References 5
Appendix 6
2 Upper Extremity 15
J. Freyschmidt
The Hand
Metacarpus and Phalanges 16
General Aspects 16
Normal Findings 16
Pathological Finding? 22
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 22
Fracture? 52
Necrosis? 52
Inflammation? 57
Tumor? 63
Degenerative Changes? 69
Soft–Tissue Calcifications 71
Specific Bones of the Hand 76
Distal Phalanges 76
Normal Findings 76
Pathological Finding? 77
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 77
Fracture? Dislocation? 78
Necrosis? 80
Inflammation? 83
Tumor? 84
Middle Phalanges 85
Normal Findings 85
Pathological Finding? 85
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 85
Fracture? 87
Necrosis? 87
Inflammation, Tumor? 88
Other Changes? 88
Proximal Phalanges 89
Normal Findings 89
Pathological Finding? 89
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 89
Fracture? 90
Inflammation? 90
Tumor? 91
Thumb 91
Normal Findings 91
Pathological Finding? 91
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 91
Fracture? 93
Necrosis? 93
Inflammation? 93
Other Changes? 94
Metacarpus 94
Normal Findings 94
Pathological Finding? 96
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 96
Fracture? 97
Necrosis? 98
Inflammation? 100
Tumor? 100
References 102
Carpus (wrist) 104
General Aspects 104
Normal Findings 104
Pathological Finding? 117
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 117
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 125
Necrosis? 130
Inflammation? 130
Tumor? 131
Specific Bones of the Carpus 132
Trapezium 132
Normal Findings 132
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 132
Fracture or Dislocation? 132
Necrosis? 136
Tumor? 137
Contents IX
Trapezoid 137
Normal Findings 137
Pathological Finding? 137
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 137
Fracture or Dislocation? 138
Capitate 140
Normal Findings 140
Pathological Finding? 140
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 140
Fracture or Dislocation? 141
Necrosis? 141
Hamate 144
Normal Findings 144
Pathological Finding? 144
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 144
Fracture or Dislocation? 144
Necrosis? 148
Inflammation? Tumor? 148
Scaphoid 148
Normal Findings 148
Pathological Finding? 150
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 150
Fracture or Dislocation? 152
Necrosis? 159
Inflammation? 162
Tumor? 162
Lunate 164
Normal Findings 164
Pathological Finding? 165
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 165
Fracture or Dislocation? 167
Necrosis? 169
Inflammation? 173
Tumor? 173
Triquetrum 174
Normal Findings 174
Pathological Finding? 174
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 174
Fracture or Dislocation? 174
Necrosis? 180
Pisiform 180
Normal Findings 180
Pathological Finding? 180
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 180
Fracture or Dislocation? 182
Necrosis? 183
Inflammation? 183
References 184
Forearm 186
Distal Radius and Ulna 186
Normal Findings 186
Pathological Finding? 189
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 189
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 194
Necrosis? 197
Inflammation? 198
Tumor? 198
Other Changes? 200
References 201
Diaphysis of the Forearm 202
Normal Findings 202
Pathological Finding? 204
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 204
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 205
Necrosis? 206
Inflammation? 206
Tumor? 208
References 209
Elbow Region 210
Normal Findings 210 Tumor? 232
Pathological Finding? 218 Inflammation? 234
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 218 Soft-Tissue Calcifications and Ossifications,
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 227 Changes at the Fibro–osseous Junction 234
Necrosis? 229 References 236
Upper Arm 238
Diaphysis 238
Normal Findings 238
Pathological Finding? 242
Fracture 242
Inflammation, Tumor? 242
Soft–Tissue Calcifications 242
References 244
Proximal Humerus 245
Normal Findings 245
Pathological Finding? 253
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 253
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 254
Necrosis? 256
Tumor? 258
Inflammation? 259
References 260
X Contents
J. Freyschmidt
3 Shoulder Girdle and Thorax 261
Scapula
Normal Findings 262
Pathological Finding? 271
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 271
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 276
Acromioclavicular Joint
Normal Findings 287
Pathological Finding? 287
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 287
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 288
Necrosis? 289
The Shoulder Joint as a Whole
Soft-Tissue Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint 292
Shoulder Impingement and Rotator Cuff Tears 296
Shoulder Dislocation and Shoulder Instability 297
Clavicle and Sternoclavicular Joint
Normal Findings 305
Pathological Finding? 309
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 309
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 310
Necrosis? 311
Sternum
Normal Findings 320
Pathological Finding? 326
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 326
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 334
Necrosis? 334
Ribs
Normal Findings 340
Pathological Finding? 342
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 342
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 348
Necrosis? 350
Necrosis? 281
Inflammation? 281
Tumor? 282
References 285
Inflammation? 290
Tumor? 290
Other Changes? 290
References 291
Calcifications and Ossifications in the Soft Tissues of
the Shoulder 299
References 304
Inflammation? 312
Tumor? 317
Other Changes? 318
References 318
Inflammation? 335
Tumor? 337
Other Changes? 338
References 339
Inflammation? 350
Tumor? 350
Other Changes? 354
References 355
340
320
305
292
262
287
Contents XI
4 Skull 357
J. Wiens, A. Sternberg
General Aspects 358
References 366
Cranial vault
Normal Findings 367
Pathological Finding? 375
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 375
Fracture? 392
Necrosis? 397
Inflammation? 397
Tumor? 398
367
Special Aspects 405
Frontal Bone 405
Parietal Bone 407
Squamous Temporal Bone 411
Occipital Bone 414
References 419
Skull Base 421
Anterior, Middle, and Posterior Cranial Fossae 421
Normal Findings 421
Pathological Finding? 428
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 428
Fracture? 440
Necrosis? 441
Inflammation? 441
Tumor? 442
Sella Turcica 445
Normal Findings 446
Pathological Finding? 449
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 449
Fracture? 453
Tumor? 454
Temporal Bone 457
Middle Ear, Air Cells, and External Auditory Canal . 464
Normal Findings 464
Pathological Finding? 466
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 466
Fracture? 469
Necrosis? 470
Inflammation? 471
Tumor? 475
Petrous Temporal Bone and Inner Ear 477
Normal Findings 478
Pathological Finding? 482
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 482
Fracture? 486
Necrosis? 486
Inflammation? 486
Tumor? 488
Styloid Process, Hyoid Bone, Larynx 490
Normal Findings 490
Pathological Finding? 495
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 495
Fracture? 497
Necrosis? 497
Inflammation? 497
Tumor? 498
Other Changes? 498
References 499
Facial Skeleton 502
Orbit 502
Normal Findings 502
Pathological Finding? 506
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 506
Fracture? 508
Inflammation? 509
Tumor? 510
Other Changes? 510
Nose: Nasal Bone, Cartilaginous Nasal Skeleton, and
Nasal Cavity 511
Normal Findings 511
Pathological Finding? 512
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 512
Fracture? 514
Necrosis? 514
Inflammation? 514
Tumor? 516
Other Changes? 517
Paranasal Sinuses 517
During Growth 517
Maxillary Sinus 519
Normal Findings 519
Pathological Finding? 523
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 523
Fracture? 524
Inflammation? 525
Tumor? 527
Frontal Sinus 528
Normal Findings 528
Pathological Finding? 528
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 528
Fracture? 530
Inflammation? 530
Tumor? 531
Ethmoid Cells 531
Normal Findings 531
Pathological Finding? 533
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 533
Fracture? 533
Inflammation? 533
Tumor? 534
Sphenoid Sinus 534
Normal Findings 534
Pathological Finding? 535
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 535
Fracture? 537
XII Contents
Inflammation? 537
Tumor? 538
Zygomatic Arch 538
Normal Findings 538
Pathological Finding? 538
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 538
Fracture? 538
Inflammation? 539
Tumor? 539
Mandible 539
Normal Findings 539
Pathological Finding? 541
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 541
Fracture? 543
5 Spinal Column 557
J. Brossmann
Introduction 558
Atlas and Axis 564
Normal Findings 564
Pathological Finding? 575
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 575
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 592
Necrosis? 598
Midcervical and Lower Cervical Spine 608
Normal Findings 608
Pathological Finding? 615
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 615
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 624
Necrosis? 628
Thoracic Spine 645
Normal Findings 645
Pathological Finding? 653
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 653
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 658
Necrosis? 662
Inflammation? 662
Tumor? 663
Other Changes? 663
References 669
Lumber Spine
Normal Findings 671
Pathological Finding? 677
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 677
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 699
Necrosis? 700
Inflammation? 700
Tumor? 706
Other Changes? 713
References 726
Sacrum and Coccyx
671
731
Normal Findings 731
Pathological Finding? 736
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 736
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 741
Necrosis? 743
Inflammation? 743
Tumor? 743
Other Changes? 745
References 747
Necrosis? 544
Inflammation? 544
Tumor? 545
Other Changes? 547
Temporomandibular Joint 548
Normal Findings 548
Pathological Finding? 549
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 549
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 550
Necrosis? 551
Inflammation? 551
Tumor? 551
Other Changes? 552
References 552
Inflammation? 598
Tumor? 600
Other Changes? 601
References 604
Inflammation? 628
Tumor? 632
Other Changes? 634
References 641
Contents XIII
Sacroiliac Joints 749
Normal Findings 749 Necrosis? 752
Pathological Finding? 750 Inflammation? 752
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 750 Other Changes? 758
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 751 References 760
6 Pelvis 763
J. Freyschmidt
General Aspects 764
Normal Anatomy 764
Examination Technique 764
Trauma 767
Osteonecrosis of the Acetabulum, Femoral
Head, and Femoral Neck 768
Ossification and Calcification of Soft-Tissue
Structures 768
Anomalies and Deformities 773
Structural Changes 773
References 777
Pelvis, Specific Section 778
Ilium 778
Normal Findings 778
Pathological Finding? 780
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 780
Fracture? 781
Necrosis? 785
Inflammation? 785
Tumor? 787
Other Changes? 787
References 789
7 Lower Extremity 859
J. Freyschmidt
Femur
Femoral Shaft 860
Normal Findings 860
Pathological Finding? 860
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 860
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 868
Necrosis? 868
Inflammation? Tumor? 868
Other Changes? 871
References 875
Patella 900
Normal Findings 900
Pathological Finding? 904
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 904
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 908
Pubis, Pubic Symphysis, and Ischium 789
Normal Findings 789
Pathological Finding? 791
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 791
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 796
Necrosis? 798
Inflammation? 799
Tumor? 801
Other Changes? 801
References 803
Hip Joint 804
Normal Findings 804
Pathological Finding? 821
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 821
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 829
Necrosis? 836
Inflammation? 843
Tumor? 845
Other Changes? 849
References 856
860
Distal Femur 875
Normal Findings 875
Pathological Finding? 879
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 879
Fracture? 880
Necrosis? 880
Inflammation? 887
Tumor? 888
Other Changes? 895
References 899
Necrosis? 910
Inflammation? Tumor? 911
Other Changes? 912
References 913
XIV Contents
Proximal Tibia and Fibula 914
Knee joint as a Whole
Distal Tibia and Fibula
Foot 989
971
937
Shaft of the Tibia and Fibula 953
Normal Findings, Variants, Early Pathological
Changes 937
Pathological Findings? 945
Other Changes? 950
References 952
Normal Findings 914
Pathological Finding? 921
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 921
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 924
Necrosis? 927
Inflammation? Tumor? 929
Other Changes? 935
References 936
Normal Findings 953
Pathological Finding? 958
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 958
Fracture? 961
Necrosis? 965
Inflammation? 965
Tumor? 965
References 970
General Aspects 989
Normal Findings 989
Pathological Finding? 993
Variants? 993
Anomalies? 997
Soft-Tissue Variants 1001
References 1001
Specific Bones of the Foot 1002
Normal Findings 1002
Pathological Finding? 1005
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 1005
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1013
Necrosis? 1015
Inflammation? Tumor? 1018
References 1019
Calcaneus 1020
Normal Findings 1020
Pathological Finding? 1025
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 1025
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1033
Necrosis? 1034
Inflammation? 1035
Tumor? 1035
Other Changes? 1036
References 1040
Navicular Bone 1040
Normal Findings 1040
Pathological Finding? 1044
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 1044
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1051
Necrosis? 1051
Inflammation? Tumor? 1053
Other Changes? 1054
References 1054
Cuboid Bone 1055
Normal Findings 971
Pathological Finding? 975
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 975
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 980
Inflammation? 986
Tumor? 986
Other Changes? 986
References 988
Normal Findings 1055
Pathological Finding? 1055
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 1055
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1057
Necrosis? 1057
Inflammation? Tumor? 1058
References 1059
Medial Cuneiform Bone 1060
Normal Findings 1060
Pathological Finding? 1062
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 1062
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1065
Necrosis? 1065
Other Changes? 1065
References 1065
Intermediate and Lateral Cuneiform Bones 1066
Normal Findings 1066
Pathological Finding? 1066
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 1066
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1067
Necrosis? 1067
References 1068
Metatarsal Bones 1069
Normal Findings 1069
Pathological Finding? 1071
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 1071
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1074
Necrosis? 1079
Inflammation? 1082
Tumor? 1084
Other Changes? 1084
References 1086
Sesamoid Bones 1087
Normal Findings 1087
Pathological Finding? 1088
Contents XV
Variant or Anomaly/Deformity? 1088
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1089
Necrosis? 1090
Inflammation? 1091
Other Changes? 1091
References 1093
Toes 1094
Normal Findings 1094
Pathological Finding? 1096
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 1096
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1101
Necrosis? 1101
Inflammation? Tumor? 1102
References 1104
Index 110
Koehler/Zimmer’s Borderlands of Normal and Early Pathological Findings in Skeletal Radiography 5th Edition PDF Ebook
J. Freyschmidt
References 5
Appendix 6
2 Upper Extremity 15
J. Freyschmidt
The Hand
Metacarpus and Phalanges 16
General Aspects 16
Normal Findings 16
Pathological Finding? 22
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 22
Fracture? 52
Necrosis? 52
Inflammation? 57
Tumor? 63
Degenerative Changes? 69
Soft–Tissue Calcifications 71
Specific Bones of the Hand 76
Distal Phalanges 76
Normal Findings 76
Pathological Finding? 77
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 77
Fracture? Dislocation? 78
Necrosis? 80
Inflammation? 83
Tumor? 84
Middle Phalanges 85
Normal Findings 85
Pathological Finding? 85
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 85
Fracture? 87
Necrosis? 87
Inflammation, Tumor? 88
Other Changes? 88
Proximal Phalanges 89
Normal Findings 89
Pathological Finding? 89
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 89
Fracture? 90
Inflammation? 90
Tumor? 91
Thumb 91
Normal Findings 91
Pathological Finding? 91
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 91
Fracture? 93
Necrosis? 93
Inflammation? 93
Other Changes? 94
Metacarpus 94
Normal Findings 94
Pathological Finding? 96
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 96
Fracture? 97
Necrosis? 98
Inflammation? 100
Tumor? 100
References 102
Carpus (wrist) 104
General Aspects 104
Normal Findings 104
Pathological Finding? 117
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 117
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 125
Necrosis? 130
Inflammation? 130
Tumor? 131
Specific Bones of the Carpus 132
Trapezium 132
Normal Findings 132
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 132
Fracture or Dislocation? 132
Necrosis? 136
Tumor? 137
Contents IX
Trapezoid 137
Normal Findings 137
Pathological Finding? 137
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 137
Fracture or Dislocation? 138
Capitate 140
Normal Findings 140
Pathological Finding? 140
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 140
Fracture or Dislocation? 141
Necrosis? 141
Hamate 144
Normal Findings 144
Pathological Finding? 144
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 144
Fracture or Dislocation? 144
Necrosis? 148
Inflammation? Tumor? 148
Scaphoid 148
Normal Findings 148
Pathological Finding? 150
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 150
Fracture or Dislocation? 152
Necrosis? 159
Inflammation? 162
Tumor? 162
Lunate 164
Normal Findings 164
Pathological Finding? 165
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 165
Fracture or Dislocation? 167
Necrosis? 169
Inflammation? 173
Tumor? 173
Triquetrum 174
Normal Findings 174
Pathological Finding? 174
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 174
Fracture or Dislocation? 174
Necrosis? 180
Pisiform 180
Normal Findings 180
Pathological Finding? 180
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 180
Fracture or Dislocation? 182
Necrosis? 183
Inflammation? 183
References 184
Forearm 186
Distal Radius and Ulna 186
Normal Findings 186
Pathological Finding? 189
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 189
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 194
Necrosis? 197
Inflammation? 198
Tumor? 198
Other Changes? 200
References 201
Diaphysis of the Forearm 202
Normal Findings 202
Pathological Finding? 204
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 204
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 205
Necrosis? 206
Inflammation? 206
Tumor? 208
References 209
Elbow Region 210
Normal Findings 210 Tumor? 232
Pathological Finding? 218 Inflammation? 234
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 218 Soft-Tissue Calcifications and Ossifications,
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 227 Changes at the Fibro–osseous Junction 234
Necrosis? 229 References 236
Upper Arm 238
Diaphysis 238
Normal Findings 238
Pathological Finding? 242
Fracture 242
Inflammation, Tumor? 242
Soft–Tissue Calcifications 242
References 244
Proximal Humerus 245
Normal Findings 245
Pathological Finding? 253
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 253
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 254
Necrosis? 256
Tumor? 258
Inflammation? 259
References 260
X Contents
J. Freyschmidt
3 Shoulder Girdle and Thorax 261
Scapula
Normal Findings 262
Pathological Finding? 271
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 271
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 276
Acromioclavicular Joint
Normal Findings 287
Pathological Finding? 287
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 287
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 288
Necrosis? 289
The Shoulder Joint as a Whole
Soft-Tissue Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint 292
Shoulder Impingement and Rotator Cuff Tears 296
Shoulder Dislocation and Shoulder Instability 297
Clavicle and Sternoclavicular Joint
Normal Findings 305
Pathological Finding? 309
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 309
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 310
Necrosis? 311
Sternum
Normal Findings 320
Pathological Finding? 326
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 326
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 334
Necrosis? 334
Ribs
Normal Findings 340
Pathological Finding? 342
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 342
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 348
Necrosis? 350
Necrosis? 281
Inflammation? 281
Tumor? 282
References 285
Inflammation? 290
Tumor? 290
Other Changes? 290
References 291
Calcifications and Ossifications in the Soft Tissues of
the Shoulder 299
References 304
Inflammation? 312
Tumor? 317
Other Changes? 318
References 318
Inflammation? 335
Tumor? 337
Other Changes? 338
References 339
Inflammation? 350
Tumor? 350
Other Changes? 354
References 355
340
320
305
292
262
287
Contents XI
4 Skull 357
J. Wiens, A. Sternberg
General Aspects 358
References 366
Cranial vault
Normal Findings 367
Pathological Finding? 375
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 375
Fracture? 392
Necrosis? 397
Inflammation? 397
Tumor? 398
367
Special Aspects 405
Frontal Bone 405
Parietal Bone 407
Squamous Temporal Bone 411
Occipital Bone 414
References 419
Skull Base 421
Anterior, Middle, and Posterior Cranial Fossae 421
Normal Findings 421
Pathological Finding? 428
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 428
Fracture? 440
Necrosis? 441
Inflammation? 441
Tumor? 442
Sella Turcica 445
Normal Findings 446
Pathological Finding? 449
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 449
Fracture? 453
Tumor? 454
Temporal Bone 457
Middle Ear, Air Cells, and External Auditory Canal . 464
Normal Findings 464
Pathological Finding? 466
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 466
Fracture? 469
Necrosis? 470
Inflammation? 471
Tumor? 475
Petrous Temporal Bone and Inner Ear 477
Normal Findings 478
Pathological Finding? 482
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 482
Fracture? 486
Necrosis? 486
Inflammation? 486
Tumor? 488
Styloid Process, Hyoid Bone, Larynx 490
Normal Findings 490
Pathological Finding? 495
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 495
Fracture? 497
Necrosis? 497
Inflammation? 497
Tumor? 498
Other Changes? 498
References 499
Facial Skeleton 502
Orbit 502
Normal Findings 502
Pathological Finding? 506
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 506
Fracture? 508
Inflammation? 509
Tumor? 510
Other Changes? 510
Nose: Nasal Bone, Cartilaginous Nasal Skeleton, and
Nasal Cavity 511
Normal Findings 511
Pathological Finding? 512
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 512
Fracture? 514
Necrosis? 514
Inflammation? 514
Tumor? 516
Other Changes? 517
Paranasal Sinuses 517
During Growth 517
Maxillary Sinus 519
Normal Findings 519
Pathological Finding? 523
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 523
Fracture? 524
Inflammation? 525
Tumor? 527
Frontal Sinus 528
Normal Findings 528
Pathological Finding? 528
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 528
Fracture? 530
Inflammation? 530
Tumor? 531
Ethmoid Cells 531
Normal Findings 531
Pathological Finding? 533
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 533
Fracture? 533
Inflammation? 533
Tumor? 534
Sphenoid Sinus 534
Normal Findings 534
Pathological Finding? 535
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 535
Fracture? 537
XII Contents
Inflammation? 537
Tumor? 538
Zygomatic Arch 538
Normal Findings 538
Pathological Finding? 538
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 538
Fracture? 538
Inflammation? 539
Tumor? 539
Mandible 539
Normal Findings 539
Pathological Finding? 541
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 541
Fracture? 543
5 Spinal Column 557
J. Brossmann
Introduction 558
Atlas and Axis 564
Normal Findings 564
Pathological Finding? 575
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 575
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 592
Necrosis? 598
Midcervical and Lower Cervical Spine 608
Normal Findings 608
Pathological Finding? 615
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 615
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 624
Necrosis? 628
Thoracic Spine 645
Normal Findings 645
Pathological Finding? 653
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 653
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 658
Necrosis? 662
Inflammation? 662
Tumor? 663
Other Changes? 663
References 669
Lumber Spine
Normal Findings 671
Pathological Finding? 677
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 677
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 699
Necrosis? 700
Inflammation? 700
Tumor? 706
Other Changes? 713
References 726
Sacrum and Coccyx
671
731
Normal Findings 731
Pathological Finding? 736
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 736
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 741
Necrosis? 743
Inflammation? 743
Tumor? 743
Other Changes? 745
References 747
Necrosis? 544
Inflammation? 544
Tumor? 545
Other Changes? 547
Temporomandibular Joint 548
Normal Findings 548
Pathological Finding? 549
Normal Variant/Anomaly? 549
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 550
Necrosis? 551
Inflammation? 551
Tumor? 551
Other Changes? 552
References 552
Inflammation? 598
Tumor? 600
Other Changes? 601
References 604
Inflammation? 628
Tumor? 632
Other Changes? 634
References 641
Contents XIII
Sacroiliac Joints 749
Normal Findings 749 Necrosis? 752
Pathological Finding? 750 Inflammation? 752
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 750 Other Changes? 758
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 751 References 760
6 Pelvis 763
J. Freyschmidt
General Aspects 764
Normal Anatomy 764
Examination Technique 764
Trauma 767
Osteonecrosis of the Acetabulum, Femoral
Head, and Femoral Neck 768
Ossification and Calcification of Soft-Tissue
Structures 768
Anomalies and Deformities 773
Structural Changes 773
References 777
Pelvis, Specific Section 778
Ilium 778
Normal Findings 778
Pathological Finding? 780
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 780
Fracture? 781
Necrosis? 785
Inflammation? 785
Tumor? 787
Other Changes? 787
References 789
7 Lower Extremity 859
J. Freyschmidt
Femur
Femoral Shaft 860
Normal Findings 860
Pathological Finding? 860
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 860
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 868
Necrosis? 868
Inflammation? Tumor? 868
Other Changes? 871
References 875
Patella 900
Normal Findings 900
Pathological Finding? 904
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 904
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 908
Pubis, Pubic Symphysis, and Ischium 789
Normal Findings 789
Pathological Finding? 791
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 791
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 796
Necrosis? 798
Inflammation? 799
Tumor? 801
Other Changes? 801
References 803
Hip Joint 804
Normal Findings 804
Pathological Finding? 821
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 821
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 829
Necrosis? 836
Inflammation? 843
Tumor? 845
Other Changes? 849
References 856
860
Distal Femur 875
Normal Findings 875
Pathological Finding? 879
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 879
Fracture? 880
Necrosis? 880
Inflammation? 887
Tumor? 888
Other Changes? 895
References 899
Necrosis? 910
Inflammation? Tumor? 911
Other Changes? 912
References 913
XIV Contents
Proximal Tibia and Fibula 914
Knee joint as a Whole
Distal Tibia and Fibula
Foot 989
971
937
Shaft of the Tibia and Fibula 953
Normal Findings, Variants, Early Pathological
Changes 937
Pathological Findings? 945
Other Changes? 950
References 952
Normal Findings 914
Pathological Finding? 921
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 921
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 924
Necrosis? 927
Inflammation? Tumor? 929
Other Changes? 935
References 936
Normal Findings 953
Pathological Finding? 958
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 958
Fracture? 961
Necrosis? 965
Inflammation? 965
Tumor? 965
References 970
General Aspects 989
Normal Findings 989
Pathological Finding? 993
Variants? 993
Anomalies? 997
Soft-Tissue Variants 1001
References 1001
Specific Bones of the Foot 1002
Normal Findings 1002
Pathological Finding? 1005
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 1005
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1013
Necrosis? 1015
Inflammation? Tumor? 1018
References 1019
Calcaneus 1020
Normal Findings 1020
Pathological Finding? 1025
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 1025
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1033
Necrosis? 1034
Inflammation? 1035
Tumor? 1035
Other Changes? 1036
References 1040
Navicular Bone 1040
Normal Findings 1040
Pathological Finding? 1044
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 1044
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1051
Necrosis? 1051
Inflammation? Tumor? 1053
Other Changes? 1054
References 1054
Cuboid Bone 1055
Normal Findings 971
Pathological Finding? 975
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 975
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 980
Inflammation? 986
Tumor? 986
Other Changes? 986
References 988
Normal Findings 1055
Pathological Finding? 1055
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 1055
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1057
Necrosis? 1057
Inflammation? Tumor? 1058
References 1059
Medial Cuneiform Bone 1060
Normal Findings 1060
Pathological Finding? 1062
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 1062
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1065
Necrosis? 1065
Other Changes? 1065
References 1065
Intermediate and Lateral Cuneiform Bones 1066
Normal Findings 1066
Pathological Finding? 1066
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 1066
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1067
Necrosis? 1067
References 1068
Metatarsal Bones 1069
Normal Findings 1069
Pathological Finding? 1071
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 1071
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1074
Necrosis? 1079
Inflammation? 1082
Tumor? 1084
Other Changes? 1084
References 1086
Sesamoid Bones 1087
Normal Findings 1087
Pathological Finding? 1088
Contents XV
Variant or Anomaly/Deformity? 1088
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1089
Necrosis? 1090
Inflammation? 1091
Other Changes? 1091
References 1093
Toes 1094
Normal Findings 1094
Pathological Finding? 1096
Normal Variant or Anomaly? 1096
Fracture, Subluxation, or Dislocation? 1101
Necrosis? 1101
Inflammation? Tumor? 1102
References 1104
Index 110
Koehler/Zimmer’s Borderlands of Normal and Early Pathological Findings in Skeletal Radiography 5th Edition PDF Ebook
About the Authors
Juergen Freyschmidt, M.D.
Professor and Director
Division of Diagnostic Radiology
and Nuclear Medicine
Zentralkrankenhaus Sankt-Juergen-Strasse
Bremen, Germany
Joachim Brossmann, M.D.
Professor
Division of Diagnostic Radiology
Hospital of the University of Kiel
Kiel, Germany
Juergen Wiens, M.D.
Division of Diagnostic Radiology
and Nuclear Medicine
Zentralkrankenhaus Sankt-Juergen-Strasse
Bremen, Germany
Andreas Sternberg, M.D.
Division of Diagnostic Radiology
and Nuclear Medicine
Zentralkrankenhaus
Professor and Director
Division of Diagnostic Radiology
and Nuclear Medicine
Zentralkrankenhaus Sankt-Juergen-Strasse
Bremen, Germany
Joachim Brossmann, M.D.
Professor
Division of Diagnostic Radiology
Hospital of the University of Kiel
Kiel, Germany
Juergen Wiens, M.D.
Division of Diagnostic Radiology
and Nuclear Medicine
Zentralkrankenhaus Sankt-Juergen-Strasse
Bremen, Germany
Andreas Sternberg, M.D.
Division of Diagnostic Radiology
and Nuclear Medicine
Zentralkrankenhaus
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