Logic Made Easy: How to Know When Language Deceives You PDF

INTRODUCTION: LOGIC IS RARE I 1
The mistakes we make l 3
Logic should be everywhere 1 8
How history can help 19
1 PROOF 29
Consistency is all I ask 29
Proof by contradiction 33
Disproof 3 6
I ALL 40
All S are P 42
Vice Versa 42
Familiarity—help or hindrance? 41
Clarity or brevity? 50
3 A NOT TANGLES EVERYTHING UP 53
The trouble with not 54
Scope of the negative 5 8
A and E propositions s 9
When no means yes—the “negative pregnant”
and double negative 61
k SOME Is PART OR ALL OF ALL 64
Some is existential 6 s
Some are; some are not 68
A, E, I, andO JO
5 SYLLOGISMS 73
Sorites, or heap 8s
Atmosphere of the “sillygism” 8 8
Knowledge interferes with logic 89
Truth interferes with logic 90
Terminology made simple 91
6 WHEN THINGS ARE IFFY 96
The converse of the conditional 10 8
Causation 112
The contrapositive conditional US
7 SYLLOGISMS INVOLVING IF, AND, AND OR 118
Disjunction, an “or” statement 119
Conjunction, an “and” statement 121
Hypothetical syllogisms 124
Common fallacies 130
Diagramming conditional syllogisms 134
8 SERIES SYLLOGISMS 137
9 SYMBOLS THAT EXPRESS OUR THOUGHTS 145
Leibniz’s dream comes true:
Boolean logic 15 J
10 LOGIC MACHINES AND TRUTH TABLES 160
Reasoning machines 160
Truth tables 16 s
True, false, and maybe 1 68
11 FUZZY LOGIC, FALLACIES, AND PARADOXES 173
Shaggy logic 1J3
Fallacies 177
Paradoxes 1 8 J
M COMMON LOGIC AND LANGUAGE 192
13 THINKING WELL—TOGETHER 202
Theories of reasoning 210
NOTES 219
REFERENCES 233
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 243
INDEX 24s
Logic Made Easy: How to Know When Language Deceives You PDF Ebook

Deborah J. Bennet is the author of Randomness and teaches mathematics at New Jersey City University in Jersey City.