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Managerial Epidemiology Principles and Applications PDF Free Download
Managerial Epidemiology provides a solid balance of baseline materials on epidemiologic methods with a focus on tools and skills required to succeed as a healthcare manager. Logically organized, this first edition centers in on the purpose and focus ‘managerial epidemiology’, thus broadening the definition and scope of Epidemiology from the distribution, spread, and containment of health problems in populations to the planning, organization, and management of health services. Written specifically for current and future healthcare managers and masters students in Health Administration, this text is designed to develop hands-on, data-driven, analytic management skills. Managerial Epidemiology helps readers understand that epidemiologic data on incidence and prevalence in conjunction with administrative data on cost and quality are necessary to enhance access and delivery of high quality services in a cost-effective and efficient manner. Written with clarity and currency in mind, Manag
E-Book Details
Сategories: Medicine|Epidemiology
Print Length: 368 pages
Publication Date: September 7, 2018
Language: English
ASIN: B07H3545HR
Print Length: 368 pages
Publication Date: September 7, 2018
Language: English
ASIN: B07H3545HR
Table of Contents
Preface . ix
Chapter 1 Epidemiology for Evidence-Based
Management. 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Epidemiology. 2
1.3 Management. 2
1.4 Decision-Making Process 3
1.5 Evidence-Based Management. 4
1.6 Epidemiology and Evidence-Based
Management. 5
1.7 Managerial Epidemiology . 5
1.8 Scenario for Application of Managerial
Epidemiology. 6
1.9 Sources of Epidemiologic Data7
Case Study 1.1: Impact of Administrative
Decisions on Patient Outcomes . 7
Case Study 1.2: Epidemiologic Patterns
That Can Guide Policy Decisions 10
1.10 Summary 12
References 13
Chapter 2 Determinants of Individual and
Population Health. 15
2.1 Introduction. 16
2.2 Definition of Health 16
2.3 Definition of a Population 17
2.4 What Is Population Health? . 17
2.5 Population Health Model Versus
Medical Care Model 18
2.6 Link Between Physical and Mental Health 18
2.7 Determinants of Health 19
2.8 Genetic Makeup as a Determinant of Health . 20
2.9 Socioeconomic Determinants of Health 22
2.10 Race as a Determinant of Health 27
Case Study 2.1: Effect of Education on Health 28
Case Study 2.2: Effect of Socioeconomic
Status on Health . 31
2.11 Summary 34
References 34
Chapter 3 Assessment of Personal and
Population Health. 37
3.1 Introduction. 38
3.2 Definition of Disease, Disability, and Death . 38
3.3 Assessment of Personal Health . 42
3.4 Assessment of Physiologic Health 43
3.5 Assessment of Mental Health and
Psychosocial Development . 43
3.6 Assessment of Functioning and Disability 44
3.7 Self-Assessment of Health and Well-Being 45
3.8 Assessment of Community Health 46
3.9 Assessment of Burden of Disease and
Summary Measures of Population Health . 48
3.10 Classification of Diseases and Procedures . 50
3.11 Reportable/Notifiable Diseases . 52
Exercise 3.153
Case Study 3.1: Assessment of Burden of Disease . 54
Case Study 3.2: Influence of Gender and Age on
Disability After Stroke55
3.12 Summary 56
References 56
Chapter 4 Epidemiologic Measures of
Population Health. 59
4.1 Introduction. 60
4.2 Types of Statistics Reported in
Population Health 60
iv
4.3 Measures of Disease Frequency in a Population 62
4.4 Measures of the Frequency of
Death in a Population 66
4.5 Other Commonly Reported Statistics 71
4.6 Adjustment or Standardization of Rates 75
Exercises 4.1 80
Case Study 4.1: Example of Cumulative Incidence 80
Case Study 4.2: Example of a Prevalence Study 81
4.7 Summary 82
References 82
Chapter 5 Descriptive Epidemiology. 85
5.1 Introduction 86
5.2 Person 86
5.3 Place 92
5.4 Time 95
5.5 Types of Epidemiologic Investigations 96
5.6 Descriptive Epidemiologic Studies 97
Case Study 5.1: Example of a Case Series Report 98
Case Study 5.2: Example of a
Cross-Sectional Study 100
Case Study 5.3: Example of a
Cross-Sectional Study 101
5.7 Summary 102
References 102
Chapter 6 Behavioral Epidemiology. 105
6.1 Introduction 106
6.2 Behavioral Epidemiology 106
6.3 Epidemiology of Physical Activity 107
6.4 Epidemiology of Smoking 108
6.5 Epidemiology of Obesity and
Poor Nutrition 110
6.6 Epidemiology of Alcohol and
Substance Abuse 112
6.7 Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease 114
6.8 Epidemiology of Diabetes 115
6.9 Patient Incentives to Promote
Healthy Behavior 115
6.10 Incentives for Providers 116
Case Study 6.1: Behavioral Factors and Risk of Gestational Diabetes 117
Case Study 6.2: Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Risk of Mortality 118
6.11 Summary 120
References 120
Chapter 7 Infectious Disease Epidemiology . 125
7.1 Introduction 126
7.2 Infectious Diseases in the United States 127
7.3 Global Burden of Infectious Diseases 127
7.4 Emergence of New and Resurgence of Previously Known Infectious Diseases 129
7.5 The Infectious Disease Triad 130
7.6 Important Definitions Related
to Infectious Diseases 131
7.7 Infectious Disease Outbreaks
or Epidemics 134
7.8 Outbreak Investigation 135
7.9 Example of an Outbreak Investigation 136
7.10 Zika Virus Outbreak 2015 138
7.11 Ebola Virus Outbreak: West Africa 2014 140
Case Study 7.1: California Measles Outbreak 2014 141
Case Study 7.2: Ohio Botulism Outbreak 2015 142
7.12 Summary 142
References . 143
Chapter 8 Injury Epidemiology. 145
8.1 Introduction 146
8.2 Nature, Distribution, and Impact
of Injuries in the United States 146
8.3 Epidemiology of Intentional Injuries
in the United States 147
8.4 Epidemiology of Road Traffic Injuries
and Death in the United States 150
8.5 Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain
Injury in the United States 151
8.6 Epidemiology of Burns in
the United States . 153
8.7 Economic Impact of Injuries in
the United States . 155
8.8 The U.S. National Violent Death
Reporting System (NVDRS) 155
8.9 The U.S. National Electronic Injury Surveillance System 157
Contents
v
8.10 Global Injury Epidemiology . 157
8.11 Example of a Study of Injury
Epidemiology . 163
Case Study 8.1 Hospital-Based Injury Surveillance 167
Case Study 8.2 Unintentional Firearm Deaths . 168
8.12 Summary . 169
References. 169
Chapter 9 Epidemiology and
Measurement of Quality . 173
9.1 Introduction174
9.2 Definition and Goals of Healthcare
Quality 174
9.3 Determinants of Healthcare Quality. 175
9.4 Distribution of Healthcare Quality
(Person, Place, Time). 176
9.5 Severity of Disease and
Assessment of Quality . 183
9.6 Use of Checklists in Quality
Improvement . 184
9.7 Physician Quality Reporting System. 184
9.8 Hospital Quality Reporting
System—Hospital Compare. 185
9.9 Hospital Readmission Reduction Program . 185
9.10 Institute for Healthcare
Improvement—Triple Aim 186
9.11 Example of a Quality Assessment Study . 186
Case Study 9.1: Reasons for Postsurgical
Hospital Readmissions 189
Case Study 9.2: Impact of a Rapid
Response System on Inpatient Mortality
and Length of Stay 189
9.12 Summary . 191
References. 191
Chapter 10 Community Health Needs
Assessment . 195
10.1 Introduction . 196
10.2 Determinants of Healthcare Needs. 196
10.3 Need Versus Demand 200
10.4 Definition and Scope of a Community
Health Needs Assessment � 201
10.5 Requirements of the U.S.
Affordable Care Act � 202
10.6 Methods and Process of Needs
Assessment � 202
10.7 Planning for a Community
Health Needs Assessment � 205
10.8 Nature and Type of Data for a
Community Health Needs Assessment � 205
10.9 Sources of Data for a CHNA208
10.10 Priority Setting for Healthcare Needs . 209
10.11 Community Health Needs Assessment
After a Disaster � 209
10.12 Assessment of Unmet Healthcare
Needs—Market Analysis � 209
10.13 Estimation of Future Healthcare Needs . 210
10.14 Forecasting Methods 211
Case Study 10.1: Healthcare Needs of
the Homeless. 214
Case Study 10.2: Impact of Unmet
Healthcare Needs . 217
10.15 Summary 220
References. 220
Chapter 11 Healthcare Planning
and Marketing. 223
11.1 Introduction . 224
11.2 Definition and Purpose of Planning225
11.3 Determinants of Geographic
Markets and Service Areas � 225
11.4 Estimation of Geographic Markets
and Service Areas � 226
11.5 Estimation of Service Area and
Market Share: Hospital Administrator
Perspective � 227
11.6 Estimation of a Geographic Market:
Policy Maker Perspective � 228
11.7 Measuring the Level of Competition
in a Geographic Market � 230
11.8 Priority Setting and the Role
of “Healthy People” Reports � 230
11.9 Small Area Health Planning 231
11.10 Facility Location Planning 233
11.11 Certificate of Need Programs . 234
11.12 Designation of Health Professional
Shortage Areas � 234
11.13 Determinants of Access to
Health Services � 237
vi Contents
11.14 Sources of Epidemiologic Data . 238
11.15 Healthcare Marketing 239
Exercise 11.1 241
Exercise 11.2 241
Case Study 11.1: Example of Regional
Market Analysis . 242
Case Study 11.2: Planning for Mental
Health Services . 244
11.16 Summary 246
References. 247
Chapter 12 Prevention, Detection,
and Monitoring of Disease. 249
12.1 Introduction . 250
12.2 The Nature, Scope, and Levels
of Prevention � 250
12.3 Screening 255
12.4 Surveillance266
Exercise 12.1 271
Exercise 12.2 271
Managerial Epidemiology Principles and Applications PDF
Case Study 12.1: Nosocomial Infection
Surveillance. 271
Case Study 12.2: Screening for Colorectal Cancer 272
12. 5 Summary . 273
References. 274
Chapter 13 Basic Statistical Concepts
and Tests . 277
13.1 Introduction . 278
13.2 Examples 278
13.3 Basic Statistical Concepts 281
13.4 Statistical Tests for Comparison of Groups 286
Exercise 13.1 287
Exercise 13.2 287
13.5 Summary 288
Chapter 14 Observational Studies . 289
14.1 Introduction . 290
14.2 Observational Studies 290
14.3 Ecological Studies 291
14.4 Example of an Ecological Study 292
14.5 Cohort Studies . 293
14.6 Example of a Prospective Cohort Study 300
14.7 Example of a Retrospective Cohort Study 302
14.8 Case-Control Studies . 303
14.9 Example of a Case-Control Study . 307
14.10 Risk Factor and Exposure in Cohort
and Case-Control Studies � 309
14.11 Comparison of Cohort and Case-Control
Study Design � 310
14.12 Association and Causality � 310
14.13 Bias312
14.14 Confounding 313
Case Study 14.1: An Ecological Study 315
Case Study 14.2: Prospective Cohort Study316
Case Study 14.3: Retrospective Cohort Study 317
Case Study 14.4: Case-Control Study 318
14. 15 Summary . 321
References. 321
Chapter 15 Experimental Studies. 323
15.1 Introduction . 324
15.2 Experimental or Interventional
Study Design � 325
15.3 Categorization of Experimental Studies 327
15.4 Randomized Controlled Trials
or Clinical Trials � 328
15.5 Example of a Randomized Clinical Trial . 330
15.6 Community Trials 331
15.7 Example of a Community Trial 331
15.8 Natural Experiments . 332
15.9 Factorial Trials 333
Case Study 15.1: Randomized Control
Trial – Chlorhexidine Bathing in ICUs
to Prevent HAIs . 334
15.10 Summary 335
References. 336
List of Acronyms 337
Glossary . 341
Index. 351
Managerial Epidemiology Principles and Applications PDF Ebook
Chapter 1 Epidemiology for Evidence-Based
Management. 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Epidemiology. 2
1.3 Management. 2
1.4 Decision-Making Process 3
1.5 Evidence-Based Management. 4
1.6 Epidemiology and Evidence-Based
Management. 5
1.7 Managerial Epidemiology . 5
1.8 Scenario for Application of Managerial
Epidemiology. 6
1.9 Sources of Epidemiologic Data7
Case Study 1.1: Impact of Administrative
Decisions on Patient Outcomes . 7
Case Study 1.2: Epidemiologic Patterns
That Can Guide Policy Decisions 10
1.10 Summary 12
References 13
Chapter 2 Determinants of Individual and
Population Health. 15
2.1 Introduction. 16
2.2 Definition of Health 16
2.3 Definition of a Population 17
2.4 What Is Population Health? . 17
2.5 Population Health Model Versus
Medical Care Model 18
2.6 Link Between Physical and Mental Health 18
2.7 Determinants of Health 19
2.8 Genetic Makeup as a Determinant of Health . 20
2.9 Socioeconomic Determinants of Health 22
2.10 Race as a Determinant of Health 27
Case Study 2.1: Effect of Education on Health 28
Case Study 2.2: Effect of Socioeconomic
Status on Health . 31
2.11 Summary 34
References 34
Chapter 3 Assessment of Personal and
Population Health. 37
3.1 Introduction. 38
3.2 Definition of Disease, Disability, and Death . 38
3.3 Assessment of Personal Health . 42
3.4 Assessment of Physiologic Health 43
3.5 Assessment of Mental Health and
Psychosocial Development . 43
3.6 Assessment of Functioning and Disability 44
3.7 Self-Assessment of Health and Well-Being 45
3.8 Assessment of Community Health 46
3.9 Assessment of Burden of Disease and
Summary Measures of Population Health . 48
3.10 Classification of Diseases and Procedures . 50
3.11 Reportable/Notifiable Diseases . 52
Exercise 3.153
Case Study 3.1: Assessment of Burden of Disease . 54
Case Study 3.2: Influence of Gender and Age on
Disability After Stroke55
3.12 Summary 56
References 56
Chapter 4 Epidemiologic Measures of
Population Health. 59
4.1 Introduction. 60
4.2 Types of Statistics Reported in
Population Health 60
iv
4.3 Measures of Disease Frequency in a Population 62
4.4 Measures of the Frequency of
Death in a Population 66
4.5 Other Commonly Reported Statistics 71
4.6 Adjustment or Standardization of Rates 75
Exercises 4.1 80
Case Study 4.1: Example of Cumulative Incidence 80
Case Study 4.2: Example of a Prevalence Study 81
4.7 Summary 82
References 82
Chapter 5 Descriptive Epidemiology. 85
5.1 Introduction 86
5.2 Person 86
5.3 Place 92
5.4 Time 95
5.5 Types of Epidemiologic Investigations 96
5.6 Descriptive Epidemiologic Studies 97
Case Study 5.1: Example of a Case Series Report 98
Case Study 5.2: Example of a
Cross-Sectional Study 100
Case Study 5.3: Example of a
Cross-Sectional Study 101
5.7 Summary 102
References 102
Chapter 6 Behavioral Epidemiology. 105
6.1 Introduction 106
6.2 Behavioral Epidemiology 106
6.3 Epidemiology of Physical Activity 107
6.4 Epidemiology of Smoking 108
6.5 Epidemiology of Obesity and
Poor Nutrition 110
6.6 Epidemiology of Alcohol and
Substance Abuse 112
6.7 Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease 114
6.8 Epidemiology of Diabetes 115
6.9 Patient Incentives to Promote
Healthy Behavior 115
6.10 Incentives for Providers 116
Case Study 6.1: Behavioral Factors and Risk of Gestational Diabetes 117
Case Study 6.2: Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Risk of Mortality 118
6.11 Summary 120
References 120
Chapter 7 Infectious Disease Epidemiology . 125
7.1 Introduction 126
7.2 Infectious Diseases in the United States 127
7.3 Global Burden of Infectious Diseases 127
7.4 Emergence of New and Resurgence of Previously Known Infectious Diseases 129
7.5 The Infectious Disease Triad 130
7.6 Important Definitions Related
to Infectious Diseases 131
7.7 Infectious Disease Outbreaks
or Epidemics 134
7.8 Outbreak Investigation 135
7.9 Example of an Outbreak Investigation 136
7.10 Zika Virus Outbreak 2015 138
7.11 Ebola Virus Outbreak: West Africa 2014 140
Case Study 7.1: California Measles Outbreak 2014 141
Case Study 7.2: Ohio Botulism Outbreak 2015 142
7.12 Summary 142
References . 143
Chapter 8 Injury Epidemiology. 145
8.1 Introduction 146
8.2 Nature, Distribution, and Impact
of Injuries in the United States 146
8.3 Epidemiology of Intentional Injuries
in the United States 147
8.4 Epidemiology of Road Traffic Injuries
and Death in the United States 150
8.5 Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain
Injury in the United States 151
8.6 Epidemiology of Burns in
the United States . 153
8.7 Economic Impact of Injuries in
the United States . 155
8.8 The U.S. National Violent Death
Reporting System (NVDRS) 155
8.9 The U.S. National Electronic Injury Surveillance System 157
Contents
v
8.10 Global Injury Epidemiology . 157
8.11 Example of a Study of Injury
Epidemiology . 163
Case Study 8.1 Hospital-Based Injury Surveillance 167
Case Study 8.2 Unintentional Firearm Deaths . 168
8.12 Summary . 169
References. 169
Chapter 9 Epidemiology and
Measurement of Quality . 173
9.1 Introduction174
9.2 Definition and Goals of Healthcare
Quality 174
9.3 Determinants of Healthcare Quality. 175
9.4 Distribution of Healthcare Quality
(Person, Place, Time). 176
9.5 Severity of Disease and
Assessment of Quality . 183
9.6 Use of Checklists in Quality
Improvement . 184
9.7 Physician Quality Reporting System. 184
9.8 Hospital Quality Reporting
System—Hospital Compare. 185
9.9 Hospital Readmission Reduction Program . 185
9.10 Institute for Healthcare
Improvement—Triple Aim 186
9.11 Example of a Quality Assessment Study . 186
Case Study 9.1: Reasons for Postsurgical
Hospital Readmissions 189
Case Study 9.2: Impact of a Rapid
Response System on Inpatient Mortality
and Length of Stay 189
9.12 Summary . 191
References. 191
Chapter 10 Community Health Needs
Assessment . 195
10.1 Introduction . 196
10.2 Determinants of Healthcare Needs. 196
10.3 Need Versus Demand 200
10.4 Definition and Scope of a Community
Health Needs Assessment � 201
10.5 Requirements of the U.S.
Affordable Care Act � 202
10.6 Methods and Process of Needs
Assessment � 202
10.7 Planning for a Community
Health Needs Assessment � 205
10.8 Nature and Type of Data for a
Community Health Needs Assessment � 205
10.9 Sources of Data for a CHNA208
10.10 Priority Setting for Healthcare Needs . 209
10.11 Community Health Needs Assessment
After a Disaster � 209
10.12 Assessment of Unmet Healthcare
Needs—Market Analysis � 209
10.13 Estimation of Future Healthcare Needs . 210
10.14 Forecasting Methods 211
Case Study 10.1: Healthcare Needs of
the Homeless. 214
Case Study 10.2: Impact of Unmet
Healthcare Needs . 217
10.15 Summary 220
References. 220
Chapter 11 Healthcare Planning
and Marketing. 223
11.1 Introduction . 224
11.2 Definition and Purpose of Planning225
11.3 Determinants of Geographic
Markets and Service Areas � 225
11.4 Estimation of Geographic Markets
and Service Areas � 226
11.5 Estimation of Service Area and
Market Share: Hospital Administrator
Perspective � 227
11.6 Estimation of a Geographic Market:
Policy Maker Perspective � 228
11.7 Measuring the Level of Competition
in a Geographic Market � 230
11.8 Priority Setting and the Role
of “Healthy People” Reports � 230
11.9 Small Area Health Planning 231
11.10 Facility Location Planning 233
11.11 Certificate of Need Programs . 234
11.12 Designation of Health Professional
Shortage Areas � 234
11.13 Determinants of Access to
Health Services � 237
vi Contents
11.14 Sources of Epidemiologic Data . 238
11.15 Healthcare Marketing 239
Exercise 11.1 241
Exercise 11.2 241
Case Study 11.1: Example of Regional
Market Analysis . 242
Case Study 11.2: Planning for Mental
Health Services . 244
11.16 Summary 246
References. 247
Chapter 12 Prevention, Detection,
and Monitoring of Disease. 249
12.1 Introduction . 250
12.2 The Nature, Scope, and Levels
of Prevention � 250
12.3 Screening 255
12.4 Surveillance266
Exercise 12.1 271
Exercise 12.2 271
Managerial Epidemiology Principles and Applications PDF
Case Study 12.1: Nosocomial Infection
Surveillance. 271
Case Study 12.2: Screening for Colorectal Cancer 272
12. 5 Summary . 273
References. 274
Chapter 13 Basic Statistical Concepts
and Tests . 277
13.1 Introduction . 278
13.2 Examples 278
13.3 Basic Statistical Concepts 281
13.4 Statistical Tests for Comparison of Groups 286
Exercise 13.1 287
Exercise 13.2 287
13.5 Summary 288
Chapter 14 Observational Studies . 289
14.1 Introduction . 290
14.2 Observational Studies 290
14.3 Ecological Studies 291
14.4 Example of an Ecological Study 292
14.5 Cohort Studies . 293
14.6 Example of a Prospective Cohort Study 300
14.7 Example of a Retrospective Cohort Study 302
14.8 Case-Control Studies . 303
14.9 Example of a Case-Control Study . 307
14.10 Risk Factor and Exposure in Cohort
and Case-Control Studies � 309
14.11 Comparison of Cohort and Case-Control
Study Design � 310
14.12 Association and Causality � 310
14.13 Bias312
14.14 Confounding 313
Case Study 14.1: An Ecological Study 315
Case Study 14.2: Prospective Cohort Study316
Case Study 14.3: Retrospective Cohort Study 317
Case Study 14.4: Case-Control Study 318
14. 15 Summary . 321
References. 321
Chapter 15 Experimental Studies. 323
15.1 Introduction . 324
15.2 Experimental or Interventional
Study Design � 325
15.3 Categorization of Experimental Studies 327
15.4 Randomized Controlled Trials
or Clinical Trials � 328
15.5 Example of a Randomized Clinical Trial . 330
15.6 Community Trials 331
15.7 Example of a Community Trial 331
15.8 Natural Experiments . 332
15.9 Factorial Trials 333
Case Study 15.1: Randomized Control
Trial – Chlorhexidine Bathing in ICUs
to Prevent HAIs . 334
15.10 Summary 335
References. 336
List of Acronyms 337
Glossary . 341
Index. 351
Managerial Epidemiology Principles and Applications PDF Ebook
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