Synopsis of Pathology 1st Edition PDF

Part 1: Gene ral Patholog y
1. Cell Injury, Cell Death and Adaptations 3
•• Cellular response 3
•• Cellular adaptations 3
•• Subcellular alterations 4
•• Necrosis 4
•• Mechanisms of cell injury 5
•• Apoptosis 6
•• Intracellular accumulations 8
•• Calcification 9
•• Aging 10
2. Acute and Chronic Inflammation 11
•• Acute inflammation 11
•• Chemical mediators of inflammation 14
•• Chronic inflammation 16
•• Granulomatous inflammation 16
•• Systemic effects of inflammation 17
3. Tissue Repair, Regeneration, Healing and Fibrosis 18
•• Cell cycle 18
•• Signaling mechanisms of growth factor receptors 18
•• Angiogenesis 19
•• Cutaneous wound healing 20
4. Hemodynamic Disorders, Thrombosis and Shock 24
•• Edema 24
•• Thrombosis 25
•• Embolism 27
•• Infarction 28
•• Shock 29
5. Diseases of the Immune System 32
•• Hypersensitivity 32
•• Graft rejection 36
•• Immunological tolerance 37
•• Mechanisms of autoimmunity 38
•• Systemic lupus erythematosus 38
•• Rheumatoid arthritis 42
Contents
xii Synopsis of Pathology
•• Amylodosis 42
•• Scleroderma 45
•• Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus 47
6. Neoplasia 48
•• Neoplasm 48
•• Anaplasia 48
•• Metastasis 48
•• Preneoplastic disorders 51
•• Carcinogenesis: molecular basis or genetic mechanism 51
•• RB gene 52
•• p53 gene 53
•• Chemical carcinogens 55
•• Chemical carcinogenesis 56
•• Dna viral oncogenesis 58
•• Rna viral oncogenesis 60
•• Tumor antigens 61
•• Paraneoplastic syndromes 63
7. Genetic and Pediatric Diseases 64
•• Mutations 64
•• Marfan syndrome 65
•• Lysosomal storage disease 65
•• Glycogen storage diseases (glycogenosis) 67
•• Autosomal genetic disorders 67
•• Sex chromosomal disorders 68
•• Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn 69
•• Cystic fibrosis 70
•• Neuroblastoma 71
•• Retinoblastoma 72
8. Environmental and Nutritional Diseases 74
•• Protein-energy malnutrition 74
•• Vitamin A deficiency 75
•• Vitamin D deficiency 75
•• Effects of tobacco 75
•• Effects of alcohol 76
•• Effects of obesity 76
9. General Pathology of Infectious Diseases 77
•• Mechanisms of viral injury 77
•• Mechanisms of bacterial injury 77
•• Tuberculosis 78
•• Leprosy (Hansen disease) 78
•• Syphilis 81
Clinical Pathology 82
•• Exfoliative cytology 82
•• Fine-needle aspiration cytology 83
•• Histopathology 84
•• Urine examination 85
xiii
•• Packed cell volume 88
•• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 89
Part 2: Systemi c Patholog y
10. Blood Vessels 93
•• Response to injury 93
•• Atherosclerosis 93
•• Hypertension 95
•• Aneurisms 97
•• Dissection 98
•• Vasculitis 99
•• Tumors 101
•• Kaposi sarcoma 102
•• Raynaud phenomenon 102
11. Heart 103
•• Heart failure 103
•• Ischemic heart diseases 104
•• Hypertensive heart diseases 108
•• Rheumatic valvular disease or rheumatic heart disease 109
•• Infective endocarditis 110
•• Cardiomyopathies 111
12. Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Systems 114
•• Classification of anemia 114
•• Hereditary spherocytosis 115
•• Sickle cell anemia 115
•• G6pd deficiency 116
•• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 117
•• Thalassemia 117
•• Iron deficiency anemia 119
•• Megaloblastic anemia 120
•• Pernicious anemia 121
•• Aplastic anemia 122
•• Microcytic hypochromic anemias 123
•• Polycythemia 123
•• Leukemoid reaction 124
•• Infectious mononucleosis 125
•• Acute myelogenous leukemia 126
•• Chronic myelogenous leukemia 127
•• Acute lymphoblastic leukemia 128
•• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia 130
•• Burkitt lymphoma 131
•• Multiple myeloma 131
•• Hodgkin lymphoma 133
•• Disseminated intravascular coagulation 136
•• Idiopathic or immune thrombocytopenic purpura 138
•• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 138
Contents
xiv Synopsis of Pathology
•• Hemophilia 139
•• Von Willebrand disease 140
13. Lungs 141
•• Acute restrictive lung disease 141
•• Alveoli in acute respiratory distress syndrome 141
•• Emphysema 142
•• Asthma 144
•• Bronchiectasis 145
•• Pneumoconiosis 147
•• Silicosis 148
•• Asbestosis and related diseases 148
•• Sarcoidosis 149
•• Pneumonia 150
•• Tuberculosis 151
•• Lung carcinomas 154
•• Malignant mesothelioma 156
14. Kidney and its Collecting System 157
•• Nephrotic syndrome 157
•• Nephritic syndrome 160
•• Rapidly progressive gn (cresentic gn) 161
•• Acute pyelonephritis 162
•• Chronic pyelonephritis 163
•• Drug induced nephritis 163
•• Acute tubular necrosis 163
•• Morphology 164
•• Benign nephrosclerosis 165
•• Malignant nephrosclerosis 165
•• Polycystic kidney disease 165
•• Renal stones 167
•• Hydronephrosis 168
•• Renal cell carcinoma 169
•• Wilms tumor 170
15. Oral Cavity and Gastrointestinal Tract 171
•• Leukoplakia 171
•• Erythroplakia 171
•• Barrett esophagus 171
•• Esophageal carcinoma 172
•• Peptic ulcer 173
•• Gastric carcinoma 174
•• Colonic diverticulosis 176
•• Malabsorption syndromes 176
•• Inflammatory bowel disease 177
•• Adenomas 179
•• Colorectal carcinoma 179
•• Familial polyposis syndromes 181
16. Liver, Gallbladder and Biliary Tract 183
•• Hepatic failure 183
•• Cirrhosis 183
Contents xv
•• Portal hypertension 184
•• Viral hepatitis 185
•• Alcoholic liver disease 188
•• Drug-induced liver disease 190
•• Hemochromatosis 191
•• Wilson’s disease 192
•• Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency 192
•• Hepatocellular carcinoma 193
•• Cholelithiasis (gallstones) 193
•• Cholecystitis 194
17. Pancreas 195
•• Acute pancreatitis 195
•• Chronic pancreatitis 196
18. Male Genital System 198
•• Testicular neoplasms 198
•• Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate 199
•• Prostatic carcinoma 200
•• Syphilis 201
19. Female Genital System and Breast 204
•• Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 204
•• Invasive carcinoma of cervix 205
•• Endometrial carcinoma 205
•• Ovarian tumors 206
•• Hydatidiform mole 208
•• Benign tumors of breast 210
•• Carcinoma of breast 210
•• Fibrocystic changes 213
20. Endocrine System 215
•• Hashimoto’s thyroiditis 215
•• Graves’ disease 215
•• Diffuse and multinodular goiter 216
•• Adenoma of thyroid (follicular adenoma) 217
•• Papillary carcinoma of thyroid 218
•• Follicular carcinoma of thyoroid 218
•• Medullary carcinoma 219
•• Anaplastic carcinoma 219
•• Hyperparathyroidism 220
•• Diabetes mellitus 220
•• Cushing syndrome 222
•• Hyperaldosteronism 223
•• Adrenal insufficiency 224
•• Pheochromocytoma 224
•• Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes 225
21. Musculoskeletal System 226
•• Congenital diseases of bone 226
•• Paget disease (osteitis deformans) 228
•• Rickets and osteomalacia 229
xvi Synopsis of Pathology
•• Hyperparathyroidism 230
•• Osteomyelitis 230
•• Osteoarthritis 233
•• Gout 234
•• Fatty tumors 236
•• Smooth-muscle tumors 237
22. Skin 238
•• Squamous cell carcinoma 238
•• Basal cell carcinoma 238
•• Malignant melanoma 239
23. Nervous System 241
•• Berry aneurysm 241
•• Meningitis 241
•• Brain tumors 243
•• Alzheimer disease 246
•• Neuroblastoma 246
Essays 247
Diagnosis 256
Most Important Topics 257
Important Laboratory Values 259
Bibliography 261
Index 263
Synopsis of Pathology 1st Edition PDF Ebook

Anoop NMBBS
Government Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala, India